Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a thymidine kinase, inverted repeat, gI, and gpX gene-deleted pseudorabies vaccine.

A thymidine kinase (TK), inverted repeat, glycoprotein I (gI) and glycoprotein X (gpX) gene-deleted modified live virus pseudorabies vaccine was evaluated for safety in swine and for efficacy in protecting swine against challenge with pseudorabies virus (PRV). Safety was evaluated by inoculating pregnant gilts intravenously and 3-day-old pigs intracerebrally with the vaccine. Efficacy was evaluated by 1) vaccinating 3-day-old pigs with a minimal protective dose intranasally and then challenging with PRV 3 weeks postvaccination or 2) vaccinating weaned pigs with a standard field dose intramuscularly and then challenging with PRV 4 weeks postvaccination. The pigs vaccinated intranasally remained clinically normal following vaccination and challenge with PRV. The pigs vaccinated intramuscularly remained clinically normal following vaccination, but mild respiratory signs were seen in some of the vaccinated pigs following challenge with PRV. Humoral immune response was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and a serum virus neutralization test. All of the intramuscularly vaccinated pigs became gI and gpX positive on differential ELISAs following challenge. All of the intranasally vaccinated pigs were seropositive on the indirect gI ELISA following challenge, but not all of the pigs were seropositive on the blocking gI ELISA or the gpX ELISA 3 weeks postchallenge.