Stoffregen T A, Baldwin C A, Flynn S B
Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221.
Am J Ment Retard. 1993 Sep;98(2):273-84.
Adults without mental retardation commonly fail to notice nominally obvious aspects of naturalistic scenes (Becklen & Cervone, 1983). We replicated and extended this effect to adults with mild mental retardation. Adults with and without retardation viewed a 60-second videotape of an amateur basketball game. They were instructed to press a button whenever the ball was passed. At one point, a woman carrying an open umbrella walked bodily through the ongoing action. Becklen and Cervone found that only 35% of adults without retardation noticed this unexpected event and that noticing was not predicted by task performance prior to the woman's appearance. In the present study noticing rates for subjects without retardation were similar to those reported by Becklen and Cervone and noticing by subjects with mental retardation was at least as high. Task performance for subjects with mental retardation was significantly lower than that of subjects without retardation, but noticing was not predicted by task performance (prior to the unexpected event) for either group. Results were interpreted in the context of an ecological approach to attention.
没有智力障碍的成年人通常会忽略自然场景中名义上明显的方面（贝克伦和塞尔沃内，1983年）。我们将这一效应复制并扩展到了轻度智力障碍的成年人身上。有和没有智力障碍的成年人观看了一段60秒的业余篮球比赛录像带。他们被要求在球被传递时按下按钮。在某个时刻，一名拿着打开的雨伞的女子径直穿过正在进行的比赛场景。贝克伦和塞尔沃内发现，没有智力障碍的成年人中只有35%注意到了这个意外事件，而且在该女子出现之前的任务表现并不能预测是否会注意到。在本研究中，没有智力障碍的受试者的注意率与贝克伦和塞尔沃内报告的相似，而有智力障碍的受试者的注意率至少同样高。有智力障碍的受试者的任务表现明显低于没有智力障碍的受试者，但两组中（在意外事件之前的）任务表现都不能预测是否会注意到。研究结果是在注意力的生态方法背景下进行解释的。
