Laughlin J
Department of Textiles, Clothing and Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0802.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993;130:79-94. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9763-2_3.
The review of recent work on the mechanisms of soil removal from textiles assists in understanding decontamination of pesticide protective clothing. The current work provides explanatory conclusions about residue retention as a basis of making recommendations for the most effective decontamination procedures. A caution about generalizations: Some pesticides produce very idiosyncratic responses to decontamination. An example is the paraquat/salt response. Other pesticides exhibit noticeable and unique responses to a highly alkaline medium (carbaryl), or to bleach (chlorpyrifos), or are quickly volatilized (methyl parathion). Responses such as these do not apply to other pesticides undergoing decontamination. Given this caution, there are soil, substrate, and solvent responses that do maximize residue removal. Residue removal is less complete as the concentration of pesticide increases. The concentration of pesticide in fabric builds with successive exposures, and the more concentrated the pesticide, the more difficult the removal. Use a prewash product and/or presoak. The surfactant and/or solvent in a prewash product is a booster in residue removal. Residues transfer from contaminated clothing to other clothing during the washing cycle. Use a full washer of water for a limited number of garments to increase residue removal. The hotter the washing temperature, the better. Generally, this means a water temperature of at least 49 degrees C, and preferably 60 degrees C. Select the detergent shown to be more effective for the formulation: heavy-duty liquid detergents for emulsifiable concentrate formulations and powdered phosphate detergents for wettable powder formulations. If the fabric has a soil-repellent finish, use 1.25 times the amount recommended on the detergent label. For water hardness above 300 ppm, an additional amount of powdered phosphate detergent is needed to obtain the same level of residue removal as obtained with the heavy-duty liquid detergent when laundering fabrics with the soil-repellent finish. The mechanical action of agitation increases dislodgement of particulate material. Too many items in the washing apparatus or too low water volume, or both, decrease agitation and soil removal. Bleach can be used if desired. Fabric softener does not affect pesticide absorption or residue removal in laundering. Dry cleaning is not recommended because the solvents used in dry cleaning may be recycled through dilution, filtration, activated charcoal adsorption, or distillation. Pesticides still may be present in recycled solvents and can be transferred from one item to another, or from one load to subsequent loads of dry cleaning.
对近期纺织品去污机理研究工作的综述有助于理解农药防护服的去污过程。当前的研究工作得出了解释性结论，即残留量的保留情况可作为推荐最有效去污程序的依据。需注意一概而论的情况：某些农药对去污会产生非常特殊的反应。例如百草枯/盐的反应。其他农药对高碱性介质（西维因）、漂白剂（毒死蜱）有明显且独特的反应，或者会迅速挥发（甲基对硫磷）。这些反应并不适用于其他正在进行去污处理的农药。考虑到这一点，确实存在能使残留去除最大化的土壤、底物和溶剂反应。随着农药浓度的增加，残留去除就越不完全。织物中农药的浓度会随着连续接触而增加，农药浓度越高，去除就越困难。使用预洗产品和/或预浸泡。预洗产品中的表面活性剂和/或溶剂能促进残留去除。在洗涤过程中，残留物会从受污染的衣物转移到其他衣物上。对于数量有限的衣物，使用满缸水洗涤以增加残留去除量。洗涤温度越高越好。一般来说，这意味着水温至少为49摄氏度，最好为60摄氏度。根据配方选择显示更有效的洗涤剂：对于乳油配方，选择重型液体洗涤剂；对于可湿性粉剂配方，选择粉状磷酸盐洗涤剂。如果织物有防污整理，使用量为洗涤剂标签推荐量的1.25倍。对于水硬度高于300 ppm的情况，当洗涤有防污整理的织物时，需要额外添加粉状磷酸盐洗涤剂，以达到与使用重型液体洗涤剂相同的残留去除水平。搅拌的机械作用会增加颗粒物质的脱落。洗涤设备中的物品过多或水量过低，或两者兼而有之，都会减少搅拌和去污效果。如有需要可使用漂白剂。织物柔软剂在洗涤过程中不会影响农药的吸收或残留去除。不建议干洗，因为干洗所用的溶剂可能通过稀释、过滤、活性炭吸附或蒸馏进行回收。回收溶剂中仍可能存在农药，并且可以从一件衣物转移到另一件衣物上，或者从一批干洗衣物转移到后续批次的干洗衣物上。
