Hintzman D L
Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403.
Psychol Rev. 1993 Jan;100(1):143-8; discussion 149-53. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.100.1.143.
Tulving and Flexser's (1992) defense of the Tulving-Wiseman law rests on the partitioning of data points into 2 sets, which they call constrained and unconstrained. This dichotomy depends crucially on the implicit assumption that within-condition variance is 0. Simulations are done to show the effects of variability on the maximum contingency that can be displayed by an average 2 x 2 table. The results help explain the form of the regularity known as the Tulving-Wiseman law, as well as the conditions under which exceptions are found. This analysis reinforces the conclusion that the law is an artifact and serves as a reminder of the dangers posed by variability and Simpson's paradox when contingency analyses are done.
图尔文和弗莱克瑟（1992）对图尔文-怀斯曼定律的辩护基于将数据点划分为两组，他们称之为受限组和非受限组。这种二分法关键取决于一个隐含假设，即条件内方差为0。通过模拟来展示变异性对一个平均2×2表格所能呈现的最大列联性的影响。结果有助于解释被称为图尔文-怀斯曼定律的规律性形式，以及发现例外情况的条件。该分析强化了这样一个结论，即该定律是一种人为现象，并提醒人们在进行列联性分析时变异性和辛普森悖论所带来的危险。
