Gardiner J M, Mäntylä T, Nilsson L G
Psychology Department, City University, London, UK.
Memory. 1995 Mar;3(1):57-66. doi: 10.1080/09658219508251496.
When subjects study a list of B items paired with A items and are tested for recognition of the B items alone, and then for recall of the B items given the A items as cues, B items that can be recalled frequently go unrecognised. The extent of this recognition failure is predictable from a function discovered by Tulving and Wiseman (1975), which relates the probability of recognising the recallable items to the probability of recognising all items. Two kinds of exceptions to this function have been discovered: encoding exceptions and retrieval exceptions. Very few observations of retrieval exceptions exist. Four experiments described in this article provide further evidence that such exceptions occur when the B items are categorised and the A items are the names of the categories. According to a contextual account of the function and exceptions to it, these retrieval exceptions occur because the information provided by the A-item cues can be largely retrieved from the B items in the recognition test; hence, as cues, the A items do not provide much different contextual information to that provided by the B items. By this account, the function is an empirical law; exceptions fall outside the range of this law and define its boundary conditions.
当受试者学习一系列与A项配对的B项，然后单独测试对B项的再认，接着在以A项作为线索的情况下测试对B项的回忆时，那些经常能被回忆起来的B项却未被再认出来。这种再认失败的程度可通过图尔文和怀斯曼（1975年）发现的一个函数来预测，该函数将可回忆项目的再认概率与所有项目的再认概率联系起来。已经发现了该函数的两种例外情况：编码例外和检索例外。关于检索例外的观察结果非常少。本文所描述的四个实验进一步证明，当B项被分类且A项是类别的名称时，会出现此类例外情况。根据对该函数及其例外情况的情境解释，这些检索例外情况的出现是因为在再认测试中，A项线索所提供的信息在很大程度上可以从B项中检索出来；因此，作为线索，A项所提供的情境信息与B项所提供的并没有太大不同。据此解释，该函数是一条经验法则；例外情况超出了这条法则的范围，并界定了其边界条件。
