Lian A, Glass A L, Raanaas R K
Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
Mem Cognit. 1998 Jul;26(4):692-707. doi: 10.3758/bf03211390.
The present paper addresses the problems of whether recognition failure of recallable words is a function of both recognition and recall, and whether recognition failure is restricted to a small and specifiable subset of study items. A meta-analysis of the Nilsson-Gardiner database (Nilsson & Gardiner, 1993) showed that recognition given recall was positively correlated with recognition and negatively correlated with recall. Two new experiments are reported, the first one using 48 word pairs for which recognition failure was found in previous studies. An item analysis of the data demonstrated that recognition failure occurred primarily with noun-adjective pairs. The second experiment compared Norwegian-American and American-Norwegian name pairs. Wide deviation from the Tulving-Wiseman function (Tulving & Wiseman, 1975) was observed for the latter condition. In both conditions, recognition failure occurred with only the items for which the beginnings of names shared three or more letters. It is concluded that recognition failure occurs when there exists a relationship between the members of an A-B pairs that is independent of their pairing in the study context. The Tulving-Wiseman function is the result of collapsing across items in the analysis of previous studies.
本文探讨了可回忆单词的识别失败是否是识别和回忆两者的函数，以及识别失败是否局限于一小部分可明确指定的学习项目。对尼尔森 - 加德纳数据库（尼尔森和加德纳，1993年）的一项元分析表明，给定回忆情况下的识别与识别呈正相关，与回忆呈负相关。报告了两项新实验，第一个实验使用了48对单词，这些单词对在先前的研究中发现存在识别失败的情况。对数据的项目分析表明，识别失败主要发生在名词 - 形容词对中。第二个实验比较了挪威裔美国人姓名对和美国裔挪威人姓名对。在后一种情况下，观察到与图尔文 - 怀斯曼函数（图尔文和怀斯曼，1975年）有很大偏差。在这两种情况下，识别失败仅发生在姓名开头共享三个或更多字母的项目中。得出的结论是，当A - B对的成员之间存在独立于它们在学习情境中的配对关系时，就会发生识别失败。图尔文 - 怀斯曼函数是在对先前研究的分析中对项目进行汇总的结果。
