Sattenspiel L, Powell C
Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
Hum Biol. 1993 Feb;65(1):107-29.
Because of the short incubation period of most acute infectious diseases, short-term and daily mobility are more important than permanent and seasonal migration for the spread of these diseases. Yet most studies of population mobility focus on permanent or semipermanent change of residence. Here, we describe the results from a field study conducted on the island of Dominica, West Indies, during the summers of 1989 and 1990 and the winter of 1991. The study was designed to collect data on short-term mobility rather than migration. These mobility data are linked with data on the patterns of measles transmission during a 1984 epidemic. Three-hundred five individuals from all parts of the island were interviewed about their daily travel patterns, their travel off the island, and the travel of members of their immediate family. In addition to these respondents, interviews were conducted with representatives of most of the major occupations that involve travel in the course of a workday. Data were also collected on the number and type of motor vehicles traveling along various routes on the island and on travel of native residents to the capital city, Roseau, to buy or sell at the major weekly market. Analysis of the interviews shows that travel within the island is clearly nonrandom. For example, almost everyone interviewed traveled to Roseau at least once a month, but 40% of the respondents had never been to any of the major villages in the Grand Bay Health District, which is only about a half-hour from Roseau. Patterns of disease transmission have been directly affected by these mobility patterns. The measles epidemic in 1984 apparently did not reach the Grand Bay Health District, even though all other areas of the island experienced significant rates of infection. Analysis of reasons for the relative isolation of the Grand Bay Health District indicates the importance of transportation patterns, as well as social, cultural, and geographic factors, to the disease transmission patterns throughout the island.
由于大多数急性传染病的潜伏期较短，对于这些疾病的传播而言，短期的日常流动比长期的季节性迁徙更为重要。然而，大多数关于人口流动的研究都集中在永久性或半永久性的居住地变化上。在此，我们描述了1989年和1990年夏季以及1991年冬季在西印度群岛多米尼克岛进行的一项实地研究的结果。该研究旨在收集关于短期流动而非迁徙的数据。这些流动数据与1984年麻疹疫情期间的传播模式数据相关联。我们对来自该岛各地的305个人进行了访谈，询问他们的日常出行模式、离岛旅行情况以及其直系亲属的旅行情况。除了这些受访者，我们还对大多数在工作日涉及出行的主要职业的代表进行了访谈。我们还收集了沿着该岛各条路线行驶的机动车数量和类型的数据，以及当地居民前往首都罗索在主要的每周市场进行买卖的出行数据。访谈分析表明，岛内的出行显然并非随机。例如，几乎每个接受访谈的人每月至少前往罗索一次，但40%的受访者从未去过距离罗索仅约半小时路程的大湾健康区的任何一个主要村庄。这些流动模式直接影响了疾病的传播模式。1984年的麻疹疫情显然没有波及大湾健康区，尽管该岛的所有其他地区都经历了显著的感染率。对大湾健康区相对隔离原因的分析表明，交通模式以及社会、文化和地理因素对于全岛疾病传播模式的重要性。
