Biedert S, Stuckstedte H
Neurologische Abteilung, Psychiatrisches Landeskrankenhaus Wiesloch.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1993 Jan;61(1):27-32. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-999117.
Numerous normal age-related changes that occur in the nervous system differ more quantitatively than qualitatively from certain common neurological diseases of elder individuals. Changes in the cranial nerve examination primarily relate to an age-related decline in sensory functions, especially of vision and hearing, and to a restriction in the range of eye movements, especially vertically. A progressive decline in the bulk and strength of muscles and in the speed and coordination of movements has long been recognised as an accompaniment of aging. Posture and gait show conspicuous changes with advancing age, partially correlating with diminished sensation in the legs and/or with a nonspecific bradykinetic senile gait. The distal depression of deep tendon reflexes and sensory function is primarily due to distal degeneration of sensory axons. Among the release signs, only the reappearance of the grasp reflex is a reliable sign for indicating pathology of the nervous system. Senile tremor, a decline in the maintenance of thermal homoeostasis, an increasing frequency of orthostatic hypotension, and disorders of sleep are also commonly associated with aging.
神经系统中发生的许多正常的与年龄相关的变化，与老年个体的某些常见神经疾病相比，在数量上的差异大于质量上的差异。颅神经检查的变化主要与感觉功能（尤其是视力和听力）的年龄相关下降以及眼球运动范围（尤其是垂直方向）的受限有关。长期以来，人们一直认识到肌肉体积和力量以及运动速度和协调性的逐渐下降是衰老的伴随现象。随着年龄的增长，姿势和步态会出现明显变化，部分与腿部感觉减退和/或非特异性运动迟缓的老年步态有关。深腱反射和感觉功能的远端减退主要是由于感觉轴突的远端变性。在释放征中，只有抓握反射的再现是表明神经系统病变的可靠体征。老年震颤、体温调节稳态维持能力的下降、体位性低血压频率的增加以及睡眠障碍也通常与衰老有关。
