Witte K L, Freund J S, Brown-Whistler S
Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701.
Exp Aging Res. 1993 Jan-Mar;19(1):15-28. doi: 10.1080/03610739308253920.
This experiment used free recall and category clustering methodologies to determine whether older adults, relative to younger adults, are less adept at organizing the to-be-learned material. To assess the role of categorical versus associative relationships upon organization, items that were clear exemplars of their respective categories and had one of two levels of interim associative strength were used. Analyses of the recall data indicated that younger adults recalled more categories, more instances per category, and more total words than did the older adults. Analyses of organizational measures, including both molar and molecular measures of category clustering (a type of secondary organization), and seriation (a type of primary organization), provided evidence for age differences in multiple and divergent modes of organization. Subjects, particularly the younger adults, initially evidenced a seriation strategy and then used one based on category membership.
本实验采用自由回忆和类别聚类方法，以确定与年轻人相比，老年人在组织待学习材料方面是否更不擅长。为了评估类别关系与联想关系在组织中的作用，使用了各自类别明确示例且具有两种联想强度水平之一的项目。对回忆数据的分析表明，年轻人比老年人回忆出更多的类别、每个类别更多的实例以及更多的总单词数。对组织测量的分析，包括类别聚类（一种二级组织）和序列化（一种一级组织）的宏观和微观测量，为多种不同组织模式下的年龄差异提供了证据。受试者，尤其是年轻人，最初表现出序列化策略，然后采用基于类别归属的策略。
