Consolazio C F, Schnakenberg D D
Fed Proc. 1977 Apr;36(5):1673-8.
The calorie requirements of adequately clothed men living and working in a cold environment are not increased, except for the 2-5 percent increase in matabolic rate due to the "hobbling" effect of the heavy clothing. The energy requirements in the cold, as in a temperate environment, are primarily a function of body weight and level of physical activity. The discrepancies between studies of persons living in a hot environment are explainable and are primarily due to the level of protection from the heat. The increased requirements are probably due to the increased heat load imposed on the body by solar radiation and the extreme heat. The increased requirements, in all likelihood, are a combination of increased action by blood in heat transport, increased ventilation and heart rate, and increased action of the sweat glands plus the increase in metabolic rate due partially to elevation in body temperature. In view of some strong new evidence, the energy requirements are increased for individuals living and working in extremely hot environments. There is no evidence showing that modification of macro nutrient composition of the diet will enhance either heat tolerance or cold adaptation in humans. Recent studies indicate that high carbohydrate diets will improve tolerance during high altitude exposure.
除了由于厚重衣物的“束缚”效应导致代谢率提高2%至5%外，在寒冷环境中生活和工作且穿着适当的男性的热量需求并未增加。与在温带环境中一样，寒冷环境中的能量需求主要取决于体重和身体活动水平。关于生活在炎热环境中的人的研究结果存在差异，这是可以解释的，主要是由于对热量的防护水平不同。需求增加可能是由于太阳辐射和酷热给身体带来的热负荷增加。很有可能，需求增加是血液在热传递中活动增加、通风和心率加快、汗腺活动增加以及部分由于体温升高导致的代谢率增加共同作用的结果。鉴于一些有力的新证据，在酷热环境中生活和工作的人的能量需求会增加。没有证据表明改变饮食中宏量营养素的组成会提高人类的耐热性或冷适应性。最近的研究表明，高碳水化合物饮食会改善在高海拔环境下的耐受性。
