Zitnan D, Sehnal F, Bryant P J
Development Biology Center, University of California, Irvine 92717.
Dev Biol. 1993 Mar;156(1):117-35. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1993.1063.
Antibodies generated against bombyxin and prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) of Bombyx mori and allatotropin, allatostatin, and diuretic hormone (DH) of Manduca sexta react with distinct sets of cells in the central nervous system of Drosophila larvae, pupae, and adults. Brain neurons immunoreactive with antibodies to bombyxin, PTTH, and DH are in strikingly similar positions to their lepidopteran counterparts, indicating that at least some Drosophila neuroendocrine cells are homologous to those of lepidopterans. Allatotropin and allatostatin-immunopositive neurons of Drosophila differ from those of lepidopterans, but many of them are identical with neurons that express the FMRFamide gene. Antibodies to bombyxin, PTTH, allatostatin, and DH also stain axons and axon terminals in the neurohemal part of the ring gland, and all tested antibodies except that against bombyxin show positive reaction in the neurohemal area of the ventral ganglion. Although immunoreactivity with all antibodies is variable during development, the highest levels of staining are found at developmental stages when the neuropeptides would be expected to be functioning. A genetic analysis of neuropeptide expression and function has been initiated by analyzing immunoreactivity in mutants that have prolonged larval life associated with imaginal disc overgrowth. Two of these mutants, dlg and dco, show abnormally strong immunoreactivity for allatotropin during the extended larval period and the former also show increased staining with the PTTH antibody. The reduced ecdysteroid titer and delayed or blocked metamorphosis in the mutants may be a result of altered neuropeptide production, which is probably secondary to the imaginal disc overgrowth.
针对家蚕的家蚕素和促前胸腺激素（PTTH）以及烟草天蛾的促咽侧体素、咽侧体抑制素和利尿激素（DH）产生的抗体，能与果蝇幼虫、蛹和成虫中枢神经系统中的不同细胞群发生反应。与家蚕素、PTTH和DH抗体发生免疫反应的脑神经元，其位置与鳞翅目昆虫中的对应神经元惊人地相似，这表明至少一些果蝇神经内分泌细胞与鳞翅目昆虫的神经内分泌细胞是同源的。果蝇的促咽侧体素和咽侧体抑制素免疫阳性神经元与鳞翅目昆虫的不同，但其中许多与表达FMRF酰胺基因的神经元相同。家蚕素、PTTH、咽侧体抑制素和DH的抗体也能使环腺神经血器官部分的轴突和轴突终末着色，除家蚕素抗体外，所有测试抗体在腹神经节的神经血区域均呈阳性反应。虽然在发育过程中所有抗体的免疫反应性都有所变化，但在预期神经肽发挥作用的发育阶段，染色水平最高。通过分析与成虫盘过度生长相关的幼虫期延长的突变体中的免疫反应性，已启动了对神经肽表达和功能的遗传分析。其中两个突变体dlg和dco在延长的幼虫期对促咽侧体素显示出异常强烈的免疫反应性，前者对PTTH抗体的染色也增加。突变体中蜕皮甾类激素滴度降低以及变态延迟或受阻，可能是神经肽产生改变的结果，这可能继发于成虫盘过度生长。
