Shriberg L D
Waisman Center on Mental Retardation and Human Development, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53705.
J Speech Hear Res. 1993 Feb;36(1):105-40. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3601.105.
Research in developmental phonological disorders, particularly emerging subgroup studies using behavioral and molecular genetics, requires qualitative and continuous measurement systems that meet a variety of substantive and psychometric assumptions. This paper reviews relevant issues underlying such needs and presents four measurement proposals developed expressly for causal-correlates research. The primary qualitative system is the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS), a 10-category nosology for dichotomous and hierarchical polychotomous classification of speech disorders from 2 years of age through adulthood. The three quantitative measures for segmental and suprasegmental analyses are (a) the Articulation Competence Index (ACI), an interval-level severity index that adjusts a subject's Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) score for the relative percentage of distortion errors; (b) Speech Profiles, a series of graphic-numeric displays that profile a subject's or group's severity-adjusted consonant and vowel-diphthong mastery and error patterns; and (c) the Prosody-Voice Profile, a graphic-numeric display that profiles a subject's or group's status on six suprasegmental domains divided into 31 types of inappropriate prosody-voice codes. All data for the four measures are derived from one sample of conversational speech, which obviates the limitations of citation-form testing; enables speech assessment as a qualitative, semi-continuous, and continuous trait over the life span; and provides a context for univariate and multivariate statistical analyses of phonetic, phonologic, prosodic, and language variables in multiage, multidialectal, and multicultural populations. Rationale, procedures, validity data, and examples of uses for each measure are presented.
对发育性语音障碍的研究，尤其是使用行为遗传学和分子遗传学的新兴亚组研究，需要符合各种实质性和心理测量学假设的定性和连续测量系统。本文回顾了此类需求背后的相关问题，并提出了专门为因果关联研究开发的四项测量建议。主要的定性系统是语音障碍分类系统（SDCS），这是一种10类疾病分类法，用于对从2岁到成年的语音障碍进行二分法和分层多分类法分类。用于音段和超音段分析的三项定量测量方法是：（a）发音能力指数（ACI），这是一个区间水平的严重程度指数，根据失真错误的相对百分比调整受试者的正确辅音百分比（PCC）得分；（b）语音剖面图，一系列图形数字显示，描绘受试者或群体经严重程度调整后的辅音和元音-双元音掌握情况及错误模式；（c）韵律-语音剖面图，一种图形数字显示，描绘受试者或群体在六个超音段领域的状态，这些领域分为31种不适当的韵律-语音代码类型。这四项测量的所有数据均来自一个对话语音样本，这消除了引用形式测试的局限性；使语音评估能够作为一种定性、半连续和连续的特质贯穿一生；并为多年龄、多方言和多文化人群中语音、音系、韵律和语言变量的单变量和多变量统计分析提供了背景。文中介绍了每项测量方法的原理、程序、效度数据及使用示例。
