Lawless H, Engen T
J Exp Psychol Hum Learn. 1977 Jan;3(1):52-9.
In a paired-associate paradigm using odors as stimuli and pictures for multiple-choice responses, the first of two associations to an odor was retained far better than the second over a 2-week period. The persistence of first-learned associations may be responsible for the long lasting nature of odor memories. Subjects reported constructing mediational schemes for mnemonic devices to link the odors and pictures. Latencies for a task of naming odors indicated that although naming odors is difficult, labels could be generated sufficiently fast that they could be employed as mediators in the paired-associate task. A third task investigated the phenomenon of knowing that an odor was familiar but being unable to name it. Subjects in this tip-of-the-nose state were questioned about the odor quality and the name of the odor and were given hints about the name. These subjects were found to have information available about the odor quality but none for the name as found in the tip-of-the-tongue state. However, as in the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, hints given to the subjects in the tip-of-the-nose state often led to the correct name.
在一种以气味为刺激物、图片用于多项选择反应的配对联想范式中，在为期两周的时间里，与一种气味的两种联想中的第一种比第二种保留得好得多。首次习得联想的持久性可能是气味记忆具有长期性质的原因。受试者报告说，他们为记忆装置构建了中介方案，以将气味和图片联系起来。命名气味任务的反应时表明，虽然命名气味很困难，但标签能够足够快地生成，从而可以在配对联想任务中用作中介。第三个任务研究了知道一种气味很熟悉但无法说出其名称的现象。处于这种鼻尖现象状态的受试者被问及气味的性质和名称，并得到有关名称的提示。结果发现，这些受试者拥有关于气味性质的信息，但没有关于名称的信息，这与舌尖现象中发现的情况相同。然而，与舌尖现象一样，给处于鼻尖现象状态的受试者的提示往往能引出正确的名称。
