The treatment of autonomic dysfunction.

Autonomic dysfunction is responsible for much of the morbidity associated with frequently encountered neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral neuropathies, as well as with the rarer primary autonomic nervous system degenerations. We review the treatment of those aspects of autonomic dysfunction that often present to the neurologist, including orthostatic hypotension, urinary incontinence and retention, and bowel dysmotility syndromes. Pathophysiology is discussed in each instance as it relates to a rational approach to therapy. For management of orthostatic hypotension, we review the use of mineralocorticoids, direct and indirect sympathomimetic agents, other pressors, dopamine-blocking agents, vasopressin receptor agonists, and others. Treatment of urinary incontinence and retention is addressed, with attention to drugs that modulate bladder contractility and bladder outlet resistance. Therapies for bowel dysmotility syndromes (such as gastroparesis, diarrhea, and fecal incontinence) are described, including bulk agents, laxatives, prokinetic agents, and antidiarrheal drugs.