Baddeley A D, Hitch G
MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England.
Mem Cognit. 1993 Mar;21(2):146-55. doi: 10.3758/bf03202726.
The recency effect in free recall features prominently in 1960s' theorizing about short-term memory, but has since been largely ignored. We argue that this stems from a preoccupation with the role of recency in the concept of primary memory and the neglect of its role in a broader working-memory framework. It is suggested that the recency effect reflects the application of an explicit retrieval strategy to the residue of implicit learning within a range of cognitive systems. When retrieved implicitly, the same residue is assumed to form the basis of priming effects. The various criteria for implicit learning described by Tulving and Schacter (1990) are successfully applied to the recency effect, and a retrieval process is outlined that can account for both long- and short-term recency effects. It is suggested that a framework combining recency, priming, and implicit learning provides a basis for understanding one of the most important features of cognition and memory, namely, that of maintaining orientation in time and place.
自由回忆中的近因效应在20世纪60年代关于短期记忆的理论中占据显著地位，但此后在很大程度上被忽视了。我们认为，这源于对近因在初级记忆概念中的作用的过度关注，以及对其在更广泛的工作记忆框架中的作用的忽视。有人提出，近因效应反映了一种明确的检索策略在一系列认知系统中对隐性学习残余的应用。当隐性检索时，相同的残余被认为构成启动效应的基础。图尔文和沙克特（1990）描述的隐性学习的各种标准被成功应用于近因效应，并概述了一个可以解释长期和短期近因效应的检索过程。有人提出，一个结合近因、启动和隐性学习的框架为理解认知和记忆的最重要特征之一，即保持时间和空间定向，提供了基础。
