van Mier H, Hulstijn W, Petersen S E
NICI, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 1993 Mar;82(1-3):291-312. doi: 10.1016/0001-6918(93)90017-l.
Changes in the planning and execution of movements were studied as a function of practice on a continuous motor task. Twelve subjects learned to move a pen through a cut-out square and maze patterns with their eyes closed. Maze patterns consisted of six, eight, ten, or twelve segments that were connected by intersections. Task performance was studied during six blocks. Although the mazes could be traced continuously in a clockwise direction, selecting a wrong turn at an intersection resulted in coming to a dead end. Performance at intersections was analyzed by determining the number of correct (and incorrect) turns following mechanically forced stops and the number of correctly planned and executed turns without any halt. In addition, movement time and pause duration were analyzed. With practice an increase in the number of correctly executed turns indicated that subjects gradually learned to group segments into chunks of increasing size. It was found that up to eight segments could be organized and executed as a single unit. Finally, with practice a non-linear performance improvement was found, suggesting that the learning process proceeded through qualitatively different learning stages. It is concluded that within five minutes subjects gradually changed their movement strategy from a sequential, trial-and-error mode in which planning and execution occurred segment by segment, to a mode in which concurrent planning was realized, i.e. in which the planning of oncoming segments occurred concurrently with the execution of segments.
作为连续运动任务中练习的函数，研究了运动规划和执行的变化。12名受试者学习在闭眼状态下将笔穿过一个剪出的正方形和迷宫图案。迷宫图案由通过交叉点连接的6、8、10或12个线段组成。在六个阶段中研究任务表现。尽管迷宫可以沿顺时针方向连续追踪，但在交叉点选择错误的转弯会导致进入死胡同。通过确定机械强制停止后正确（和错误）转弯的数量以及没有任何停顿的正确规划和执行转弯的数量来分析交叉点处的表现。此外，还分析了运动时间和停顿持续时间。随着练习，正确执行转弯的数量增加表明受试者逐渐学会将线段分组为越来越大的组块。发现多达八个线段可以作为一个单元进行组织和执行。最后，随着练习发现了非线性的表现改善，这表明学习过程经历了质的不同的学习阶段。得出的结论是，在五分钟内，受试者逐渐将他们的运动策略从一种逐段进行规划和执行的顺序式试错模式，转变为一种实现并发规划的模式，即在执行线段的同时对即将到来的线段进行规划。
