The history and evolution of percutaneous pinning of displaced distal radius fractures.

This article discusses the history and evolution of percutaneous pinning of displaced distal radial articular fractures. Six distinct methods are examined from an historical viewpoint, focusing on problems associated with each technique. The evolution of the Kapandji technique to include arum nuts and the Rayhack technique to include an alignment jig and pin guide with locking set screws is presented also.