Poolsuwan S
Faculty of Sociology and Anthropology, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1995 Mar;26(1):3-22.
This paper reviews the evolutionary and natural history of malarias; it is proposed that all human malarial parasites originated from zoonotic simian plasmodiids in tropical forests of southeastern Asia, during the terminal Pleistocene or early Holocene. The modes of malarial transmission among prehistoric natives of that geographic area is reconstructed, based primarily on ecological, archeological and ethnographic evidence. Early Holocene hunters and food gatherers of southeastern Asia shared the same forest habitats as several mosquito members of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group, known to be efficient malarial vectors. These forest dwellers could have maintained endemic malaria, however at low levels due to their low population density. With the abundance and interactive roles in transmitting human malaria of the An. dirus and An. minimus mosquitos in forest fringe areas, the middle Holocene settled farmers occupying such habitats would have been subject all year round to highly endemic malaria. Generally much lower and less uniform transmission of the disease could have been found among early coastal occupants, in the presence of the less efficient An. sundaicus vector. Malaria was practically absent on lowland floodplains, extensively occupied by human populations since the first millennium BC onwards, due to lack of major vectors.
本文回顾了疟疾的进化和自然史；有人提出，所有人类疟原虫都起源于东南亚热带森林中的人畜共患猿猴疟原虫，时间是在更新世晚期或全新世早期。主要基于生态、考古和人种学证据，重建了该地理区域史前原住民之间的疟疾传播模式。东南亚全新世早期的猎人和食物采集者与白纹按蚊组的几种蚊子有着相同的森林栖息地，而这些蚊子是已知的高效疟疾传播媒介。这些森林居民可能维持着地方性疟疾，但由于人口密度低，发病率也很低。随着森林边缘地区大劣按蚊和微小按蚊在传播人类疟疾方面的大量存在及其相互作用，占据这些栖息地的全新世中期定居农民全年都将面临高度地方性疟疾。在效率较低的巽他按蚊传播媒介存在的情况下，早期沿海居民中疟疾的传播通常要低得多且不那么均匀。自公元前一千年起，由于缺乏主要传播媒介，疟疾在被大量人口广泛占据的低地洪泛平原上实际上并不存在。
