Laryngotracheal anatomy and physiology.

Thorough knowledge of the laryngotracheal anatomy and physiology is a prerequisite for understanding the pathophysiology and for an adequate treatment of patients with anomalies, stenoses and other pathology in this area. The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract, our voice organ and it prevents the passage of secretion and food to the lower airways. Anatomical differences between adults and children, males and females are important to consider, as the size of the structures underlies the decision for the size of tubes and cannulas to be used. Knowledge of the muscles and mucosa is important in augmentation, e.g. in phono-surgery and for procedures in patients with laryngeal palsy. The trachea with its location causes specific problems in the treatment of stenoses and tumours. The mucociliary system is nowadays being more focused upon.