Woodruff-Pak D S, Finkbiner R G
Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Philadelphia Geriatric Center, USA.
Psychol Aging. 1995 Sep;10(3):416-26. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.10.3.416.
This study used classical conditioning as a measure of nondeclarative learning and compared it with verbal learning as a declarative measure. Eighty participants were tested using 1 of 2 paradigms (400-ms and 750-ms delay) for eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) and the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Large age differences were observed in the nondeclarative EBCC task, even in the 750-ms paradigm, which is more optimal for older adults. Age differences in the nondeclarative EBCC task were larger in the 400-ms paradigm and equal in the 750-ms paradigm to the magnitude of age differences in the declarative CVLT task. Partial correlations (removing the variance that was due to age) showed no relation between performance on the nondeclarative and declarative tasks. The results contradict the common assumption that, in the same participants, nondeclarative learning and memory are more resistant to the effects of aging than are declarative learning and memory and suggest that nondeclarative learning and memory are not unitary.
本研究采用经典条件反射作为非陈述性学习的一种测量方法，并将其与作为陈述性测量方法的言语学习进行比较。80名参与者使用两种范式（400毫秒和750毫秒延迟）中的一种进行眨眼经典条件反射（EBCC）测试以及加利福尼亚言语学习测试（CVLT）。在非陈述性EBCC任务中观察到了较大的年龄差异，即使在750毫秒范式中也是如此，而750毫秒范式对老年人更为有利。在400毫秒范式中，非陈述性EBCC任务中的年龄差异更大，在750毫秒范式中，其年龄差异幅度与陈述性CVLT任务中的年龄差异幅度相当。偏相关分析（去除因年龄导致的方差）表明，非陈述性任务和陈述性任务的表现之间没有关联。这些结果与一种常见假设相矛盾，该假设认为，在同一参与者中，非陈述性学习和记忆比陈述性学习和记忆更能抵抗衰老的影响，并表明非陈述性学习和记忆并非单一的。
