Carlson M C, Hasher L, Zacks R T, Connelly S L
Department of Psychology: Social and Health Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0085, USA.
Psychol Aging. 1995 Sep;10(3):427-36. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.10.3.427.
Three experiments examined the impact on reading time for younger and older adults in the absence vs. presence of distraction (marked by font type) in either fixed predictable locations (Experiments 1 and 2) or unpredictable locations (Experiment 3). Consistent with earlier work (S. L. Connelly, L. Hasher, & R. T. Zacks, 1991), older adults were markedly disrupted, relative to young adults, when distraction was present in unpredictable locations. When the location of distraction was fixed, however, the very large disadvantage that older adults otherwise experienced (slowed by as much as 46 s) diminished substantially (to as little as 2 s). Fixed location also eliminated the relatedness effect, by which older adults are especially susceptible to distraction from meaningfully related material.
三项实验研究了在固定可预测位置（实验1和实验2）或不可预测位置（实验3）存在或不存在干扰（以字体类型为标志）时，对年轻人和老年人阅读时间的影响。与早期研究结果一致（S.L.康奈利、L.哈舍和R.T.扎克斯，1991），当干扰出现在不可预测位置时，相对于年轻人，老年人受到的干扰明显更大。然而，当干扰位置固定时，老年人原本所经历的巨大劣势（阅读速度减慢多达46秒）大幅减少（降至仅2秒）。固定位置还消除了关联性效应，即老年人特别容易受到有意义相关材料干扰的效应。
