Rothe M, Pragst F
Institute of Forensic Medicine, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
J Anal Toxicol. 1995 Jul-Aug;19(4):236-40. doi: 10.1093/jat/19.4.236.
The hair samples of six opiate addicts, who died after heroin overdose, were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extraction with 10 solvents differing in polarity and hydrophilicity in an ultrasonic bath. Morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (MAM), and codeine were detected in all cases, and heroin was detected in four cases. With toluene, which is hydrophobic, almost no extraction occurred, and with the nonprotic solvents dioxane, acetonitrile, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide, only a relatively low extraction rate was found. The yield increased in the series of alcohols from n-propanol to isopropanol to ethanol to methanol. Water proved to have almost the same extraction capability as methanol. Using equal conditions, the extraction rate of the opiates decreased in the following order: heroin > MAM > morphine approximately codeine. Addition of 1% acetic acid or 1% triethylamine to methanol led to a decrease in the heroin yield and an increase in the morphine yield. The results are discussed in terms of the binding between the hair matrix and the drug, the penetration of the solvent into the hair, and the solubility of the drug in the solvent.
对6名因海洛因过量致死的阿片类成瘾者的毛发样本，在超声波浴中用10种极性和亲水性不同的溶剂萃取后，采用气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪进行了研究。所有样本均检测到吗啡、6 - 单乙酰吗啡（MAM）和可待因，4个样本检测到海洛因。对于疏水性的甲苯，几乎没有发生萃取；对于非质子溶剂二氧六环、乙腈、丙酮和二甲基亚砜，仅发现相对较低的萃取率。在从正丙醇到异丙醇再到乙醇最后到甲醇的醇类系列中，萃取率有所增加。水的萃取能力与甲醇几乎相同。在相同条件下，阿片类药物的萃取率按以下顺序降低：海洛因>MAM>吗啡≈可待因。向甲醇中添加1%的乙酸或1%的三乙胺会导致海洛因产率降低，吗啡产率增加。从毛发基质与药物之间的结合、溶剂渗入毛发的情况以及药物在溶剂中的溶解度等方面对结果进行了讨论。
