Rohde K, Hayward C, Heap M
Department of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
Int J Parasitol. 1995 Aug;25(8):945-70. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(95)00015-t.
Numerous (3947) individuals of 102 marine fish species from Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, the North Sea, Antarctica, the deepsea and coast of southeastern Australia, Pacific Canada, Brazil, Argentina and the Great Barrier Reef were examined for metazoan ectoparasites. Of the 102 fish species, 86 harboured at least 1 parasite species, and only in Antarctica and the deepsea were large proportions of fish species found to be free of ectoparasites. The mean prevalence of infection was 30.1%, the average of abundances was 6.7 parasites per fish, due to very heavy intensities of some parasite species (mean median abundance 4.31). Most parasite species exhibited a clustered distribution in the host populations, as measured by variance to mean ratios, i.e. some fish were more, and others less, heavily infected than if infection were random. Core and satellite species cannot be distinguished unambiguously, because numbers of parasites on almost all hosts are too small for any bimodality to become apparent. On average, the most dominant species represented 90% of all parasite individuals of a particular fish; different parasite species were often dominant on different fish individuals of a particular host species. Both abundances and maximum intensities of infection were positively correlated with prevalence of infection. Community richness varies greatly at and between localities, with the lowest richness found in Antarctic and deepsea fish and the highest richness in tropical fish. Species richness, abundance and prevalence of infection in many fish groups (with different ecological characteristics) are strongly correlated with temperature. If fish from all localities were pooled, pelagic fish had fewer intensities and (jointly with benthopelagic fishes) fewer species than benthic fish, and planktivorous fish had lower abundances and prevalences of infection than predatory and omnivorous fish. Prevalences of infection, abundance and parasite species richness were significantly correlated with host length. Fifteen positive and 1 negative associations among species were found. This and the generally low prevalences and abundances of infection indicate that competitive interactions are probably scarce. Overall, the findings indicate that most (if not all) metazoan ectoparasite communities of marine fish live in non-saturated, little-ordered assemblages.
对来自巴布亚新几内亚、新西兰、北海、南极洲、澳大利亚东南部深海和海岸、加拿大太平洋沿岸、巴西、阿根廷以及大堡礁的102种海洋鱼类的众多（3947条）个体进行了后生动物外寄生虫检查。在这102种鱼类中，86种至少携带1种寄生虫，只有在南极洲和深海发现有很大比例的鱼类没有外寄生虫。感染的平均患病率为30.1%，平均丰度为每条鱼6.7个寄生虫，这是由于一些寄生虫种类的感染强度非常高（平均中位数丰度为4.31）。通过方差与均值比测量，大多数寄生虫种类在宿主种群中呈聚集分布，即与随机感染相比，一些鱼感染更严重，而另一些鱼感染较轻。核心和卫星物种无法明确区分，因为几乎所有宿主上的寄生虫数量太少，无法使任何双峰性变得明显。平均而言，最主要的物种占特定鱼类所有寄生虫个体的90%；不同的寄生虫种类通常在特定宿主物种的不同鱼类个体上占主导地位。感染的丰度和最大强度均与感染患病率呈正相关。群落丰富度在不同地点之间和地点内部差异很大，在南极和深海鱼类中丰富度最低，在热带鱼类中丰富度最高。许多鱼类群体（具有不同生态特征）的物种丰富度、丰度和感染患病率与温度密切相关。如果将所有地点的鱼类汇总，中上层鱼类的感染强度比底栖鱼类少，（与底栖中上层鱼类一起）物种也比底栖鱼类少，而浮游生物食性鱼类的感染丰度和患病率低于捕食性和杂食性鱼类。感染患病率、丰度和寄生虫物种丰富度与宿主长度显著相关。发现了15种物种之间的正相关和1种负相关。这以及总体上较低的感染患病率和丰度表明竞争相互作用可能很少。总体而言，研究结果表明，大多数（如果不是全部）海洋鱼类的后生动物外寄生虫群落生活在不饱和、无序的组合中。
