Rohde K, Heap M
Department of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Int J Parasitol. 1998 Mar;28(3):461-74. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00209-9.
Relative species diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of 55 teleost fish species did not differ significantly at different latitudes, whereas relative species diversity of metazoan ectoparasites on the heads and gills of 108 teleost fish species showed a significant increase with decreasing latitude and from deep to surface waters. Abundance of endoparasites also was the same at all latitudes, whereas abundance of ectoparasites increased with decreasing latitude and from deep to shallow waters. A comparative analysis using phylogenetically independent contrasts supported these conclusions. Possible reasons for the differences between endo- and ectoparasites are discussed. A detailed analysis of the community structure of gastrointestinal helminths of five Antarctic and three tropical teleosts and of metazoan ectoparasites on the heads and gills of five Antarctic and seven tropical fish species showed the following: abundance and prevalence of infection of endoparasites are similar in Antarctic and tropical fish, but are much greater for tropical than for Antarctic ectoparasites. Relative species diversity of endoparasites is similar for Antarctic and tropical endoparasites, but much greater for tropical than Antarctic ectoparasites. In both Antarctic and tropical fish, different fish of the same species may have different dominant species of endo- and ectoparasites, although there is a greater range of dominant species of tropical ectoparasites, a consequence of the greater species pool available. The most dominant parasite (irrespective of species) represented 80-99% of all endoparasites of Antarctic, and about 50-80% of all endoparasites of tropical fish. The most dominant parasites (irrespective of species) represented about 90-100% of all ectoparasites of Antarctic, and about 20-70% of all ectoparasites of tropical fish, the difference a consequence of the greater species pool of tropical ectoparasites available. The data suggest that both endo- and ectoparasites live in assemblages not structured by interspecific competition.
55种硬骨鱼胃肠道蠕虫的相对物种多样性在不同纬度下没有显著差异，而108种硬骨鱼头和鳃上后生动物外寄生虫的相对物种多样性则随着纬度降低以及从深水到表层水而显著增加。内寄生虫的丰度在所有纬度下也相同，而外寄生虫的丰度则随着纬度降低以及从深水到浅水而增加。使用系统发育独立对比的比较分析支持了这些结论。文中讨论了内寄生虫和外寄生虫之间差异的可能原因。对5种南极硬骨鱼和3种热带硬骨鱼的胃肠道蠕虫群落结构，以及5种南极鱼类和7种热带鱼类头和鳃上后生动物外寄生虫的详细分析表明：内寄生虫的感染丰度和流行率在南极鱼类和热带鱼类中相似，但热带外寄生虫的丰度和流行率远高于南极外寄生虫。南极和热带内寄生虫的相对物种多样性相似，但热带外寄生虫的相对物种多样性远高于南极外寄生虫。在南极和热带鱼类中，同一物种的不同个体可能有不同的内寄生虫和外寄生虫优势种，尽管热带外寄生虫的优势种范围更广，这是因为可利用的物种库更大。最主要的寄生虫（不论物种）占南极所有内寄生虫的80 - 99%，占热带鱼类所有内寄生虫的约50 - 80%。最主要的寄生虫（不论物种）占南极所有外寄生虫的约90 - 100%，占热带鱼类所有外寄生虫的约20 - 70%，这种差异是由于热带外寄生虫有更大的物种库。数据表明，内寄生虫和外寄生虫都生活在非由种间竞争构建的组合中。
