Van Steen A, Heylen Y, Ponette E
Dienst Radiologie, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen K.U.L. Leuven, Belgium.
J Belge Radiol. 1995 Oct;78(5):289-91.
In the first period (1896-1910), investigation was made through plain abdominal film with description and differential diagnosis of the different calcifications in the right hypochondrium. Second period (1911-1924): indirect signs of liver and gallbladder pathology were described. Via pneumoperitoneum and gastro-intestinal opacification the pathology in the right hypochondrium was delineated and interpreted. Third period (1924 until now): due to the development of contrast agents for the gallbladder and biliary tree, these organs could be directly visualized either by intravenous injection, or by peroral administration; sometimes direct injection of contrast in the bile ducts was used.
在第一阶段（1896 - 1910年），通过腹部平片进行检查，并对右季肋部不同钙化灶进行描述和鉴别诊断。第二阶段（1911 - 1924年）：描述了肝脏和胆囊病变的间接征象。通过气腹造影和胃肠道造影对右季肋部病变进行描绘和解读。第三阶段（1924年至今）：由于胆囊和胆管造影剂的发展，这些器官可以通过静脉注射或口服造影剂直接显影；有时也会采用直接胆管造影。
