DuPont R L, Griffin D W, Siskin B R, Shiraki S, Katze E
Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
J Addict Dis. 1995;14(3):1-17. doi: 10.1300/J069v14n03_01.
Random drug testing in the workplace has become more common since federal guidelines were issued in 1988, despite the criticism that most positive tests are the result of occasional use of illicit drugs. In order to determine the relative probabilities of detecting frequent versus infrequent users of illicit drugs, a survey of 15 experts in the drug abuse field was conducted. Based on the responses, it was estimated that 55% of employed people who used any illicit drugs in the prior year were annual drug users, 37% were monthly users, and 8% were daily users. Analysis using probability theory indicated that among workplace drug users who test positive, 52% will be daily users, 41% will be monthly users, and only 7% will be annual users. At a 50% testing rate, random drug tests identify 40% of daily users, 8% of monthly users and only 1% of annual users during the course of a year. The estimated rate of illicit drug use among employees is approximately eight times the average random testing positive rate. Random drug tests in the workplace are effective in identifying near daily users of illicit drugs, but they are less effective at identifying infrequent drug users. Employers have found that random drug testing is a deterrent to both frequent and occasional use of illicit drugs.
自1988年发布联邦指导方针以来，职场中的随机药物检测变得更加普遍，尽管有人批评称，大多数阳性检测结果是偶尔使用非法药物所致。为了确定检测频繁使用与不频繁使用非法药物者的相对概率，对15名药物滥用领域的专家进行了一项调查。根据他们的回答估计，前一年使用过任何非法药物的在职人员中，55%是每年使用药物者，37%是每月使用药物者，8%是每天使用药物者。运用概率论进行的分析表明，在职场中药物检测呈阳性的使用者中，52%是每天使用药物者，41%是每月使用药物者，只有7%是每年使用药物者。在50%的检测率下，随机药物检测在一年中能识别出40%的每天使用药物者、8%的每月使用药物者和仅1%的每年使用药物者。员工中非法药物使用的估计比率约为随机检测平均阳性率的八倍。职场中的随机药物检测在识别近乎每天使用非法药物者方面是有效的，但在识别不频繁使用药物者方面效果较差。雇主们发现，随机药物检测对频繁和偶尔使用非法药物都有威慑作用。
