Hanson M
Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY.
Bull Narc. 1993;45(2):3-44.
A flashpoint in the debate over workplace responses to alcohol and drug use by members of the workforce centres on the chemical testing of current employees and job applicants for alcohol and drug use. Drug testing may be the most contentious issue faced by enterprises struggling to develop fair and effective programmes to deal with the consequences of substance use in the workplace. The present paper examines scientific evidence on the nature and extent of alcohol and drug use by members of the workforce, evidence linking alcohol and drug use to workplace problems, workplace strategies for managing alcohol- and drug-related difficulties, and arguments for and against drug and alcohol testing. To date, the evidence supportive of alcohol and drug testing is inconclusive. Testing programmes may be useful in identifying drug users in the workforce. Their deterrent value is uncertain, however, and they are not efficient tools for linking drug users to assistance programmes. Enterprises that are contemplating establishing testing programmes should consider: (a) whether substance use is a problem in their setting; (b) whether testing will respond to the problem; (c) the costs and benefits of testing; and (d) any ethical and legal questions raised by the programmes.
职场针对员工饮酒和吸毒问题所采取应对措施的争论焦点，集中在对在职员工和求职者进行酒精及药物使用的化学检测上。药物检测可能是企业在努力制定公平有效的方案以应对职场中药物使用后果时所面临的最具争议性的问题。本文审视了有关员工饮酒和吸毒的性质及程度的科学证据、将饮酒和吸毒与职场问题联系起来的证据、管理与酒精和药物相关难题的职场策略，以及支持和反对药物及酒精检测的论据。迄今为止，支持酒精和药物检测的证据尚无定论。检测方案可能有助于识别职场中的吸毒者。然而，其威慑价值尚不确定，而且它们并非将吸毒者与援助方案联系起来的有效工具。正在考虑设立检测方案的企业应考虑：(a) 在其工作环境中药物使用是否是个问题；(b) 检测是否能解决该问题；(c) 检测的成本和收益；以及(d) 这些方案引发的任何伦理和法律问题。
