Vom Saal F S, Franks P, Boechler M, Palanza P, Parmigiani S
Division of Biological Sciences, John M. Dalton Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia 65211, USA.
Physiol Behav. 1995 Oct;58(4):669-78. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(95)00121-x.
Nest defense behavior was examined in wild female house mice (Mus domesticus) that were derived from a stock initially trapped in Alberta, Canada. The first objective was to determine whether behavior toward pups prior to mating was related to the intensity of postpartum aggression in a variety of social situations. Therefore, prior to the experiments we screened virgin females for their behavior toward a newborn pup [60% of the females exhibited infanticide and 40% were noninfanticidal: 7% were parental (retrieved and hovered over the pup) and 33% ignored the pup]. Infanticidal and noninfanticidal females were then mated with males and used in four experiments. In Experiment 1 the females were housed individually prior to deliver, while in Experiment 2 the females were allowed to remain with their mates; in both situations all females successfully reared litters of similar sizes. Male and female intruders (that had all exhibited infanticide when previously tested with a pup) were placed separately into a test cage containing a lactating female during the first four days after delivery. Regardless of the presence of the stud male, previously infanticidal females were more aggressive (exhibited more attacks per min) toward both male and female intruders than were previously noninfanticidal females; infanticidal females also exhibited more of both forms of attack (offensive and defensive) and also attacked with greater intensity than did noninfanticidal females. The number of attacks toward intruders of both sexes increased for both infanticidal and noninfanticidal females between Day 1-4 postpartum, but very high rates of attack were observed on all days by the lactating females, including the day of delivery. In Experiments 3 and 4 only the most aggressive (previously infanticidal) females were tested. In Experiment 3, two unrelated, unfamiliar females were mated separately and then were housed together just prior to delivery, which was planned to occur 3-4 days apart. In 5 of the 15 cages, all pups disappeared on the day of delivery of the second female to deliver her litter. In the remaining 10 cages, it appeared that none of the pups produced by the 20 females were killed. Thus, in this experiment, 66% of pups survived to Day 4 postpartum. In Experiment 4, two previously infanticidal female siblings, which had been housed together since birth, were placed together with a stud male. In all 9 cages only one female became pregnant and delivered pups, but only 3 litters survived to Day 4 (no litters were observed being attacked during intruder tests).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
对源自最初在加拿大艾伯塔省捕获的种群的野生雌性家鼠（小家鼠）的巢穴防御行为进行了研究。第一个目标是确定交配前对幼崽的行为是否与各种社会情境下产后攻击的强度有关。因此，在实验前，我们筛选了未交配雌性对新生幼崽的行为[60%的雌性表现出杀婴行为，40%无杀婴行为：7%表现出母性关怀（找回并在幼崽上方盘旋），33%忽视幼崽]。然后将有杀婴行为和无杀婴行为的雌性与雄性交配，并用于四项实验。在实验1中，雌性在分娩前单独饲养，而在实验2中，雌性被允许与配偶在一起；在这两种情况下，所有雌性都成功抚养了大小相似的一窝幼崽。在分娩后的头四天，将雄性和雌性入侵者（之前用幼崽测试时都表现出杀婴行为）分别放入一个装有哺乳期雌性的测试笼中。无论种公鼠是否在场，之前有杀婴行为的雌性对雄性和雌性入侵者都比之前无杀婴行为的雌性更具攻击性（每分钟表现出更多攻击行为）；有杀婴行为的雌性还表现出更多两种形式的攻击（进攻性和防御性），并且攻击强度也比无杀婴行为的雌性更大。产后第1 - 4天，有杀婴行为和无杀婴行为的雌性对两性入侵者的攻击次数都增加了，但哺乳期雌性在所有日子，包括分娩当天，都观察到了非常高的攻击率。在实验3和4中，只测试了最具攻击性（之前有杀婴行为）的雌性。在实验3中，两只无亲缘关系、不熟悉的雌性分别交配，然后在分娩前一起饲养，计划分娩时间相隔3 - 4天。在15个笼子中的5个笼子里，在第二只雌性分娩当天，所有幼崽都消失了。在其余10个笼子里，20只雌性所生的幼崽似乎都没有被杀死。因此，在这个实验中，66%的幼崽存活到产后第4天。在实验4中，两只自出生起就一直养在一起的有杀婴行为的雌性姐妹与一只种公鼠放在一起。在所有9个笼子里，只有一只雌性怀孕并产下幼崽，但只有3窝幼崽存活到第4天（在入侵者测试期间没有观察到有幼崽被攻击）。（摘要截断于400字）
