Frisch G D, D'Aulerio L, O'Rourke J
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1977 Mar;48(3):223-30.
Mathematical modeling has attained wider acceptance in recent years. In particular, the use of computer programs to simulate the dynamic response of a human in a crash situation has become an attractive alternative to full-scale experimental testing. This paper analyzes data on the dynamic response of the living human head and neck to -Gx impact acceleration, where the motion of the subject's head and neck in the midsagittal plane was monitored with inertial instrumentation and high-speed photography for confirmation. The Calspan "3D Computer Simulator of Motor Vehicle Crash Victims" was used to predict expected responses for the deceleration pulses employed. These estimates were compared to the fully instrumented human test runs. The standard 15-segment and 14-joint representation of the occupant was modified to include two sternoclavicular joints, increasing the articulation in the upper torso. Analysis of the data indicated that muscular activity in the head and neck seemed to be evident and does influence motion of the head, even at relatively high (10-G peak, 530 G/s onset) acceleration levels. Simulation of muscular contraction, using a spring-damper arrangement, improved the results significantly. Additionally, possible limitations to head-to-neck motion, such as ligament restrictions, were also modeled.
近年来，数学建模已获得更广泛的认可。特别是，使用计算机程序来模拟人体在碰撞情况下的动态响应，已成为全尺寸实验测试的一种有吸引力的替代方法。本文分析了活人头部和颈部对 -Gx 冲击加速度的动态响应数据，其中通过惯性仪器和高速摄影监测受试者头部和颈部在矢状面内的运动以进行确认。使用卡尔斯巴恩“机动车碰撞受害者三维计算机模拟器”来预测所采用减速脉冲的预期响应。将这些估计值与完全仪器化的人体测试运行结果进行比较。乘员的标准 15 节段和 14 关节表示法进行了修改，以包括两个胸锁关节，增加了上半身的关节活动度。数据分析表明，即使在相对较高（峰值 10 - G，起始 530 G/s）的加速度水平下，头部和颈部的肌肉活动似乎也很明显，并且确实会影响头部的运动。使用弹簧 - 阻尼装置模拟肌肉收缩，显著改善了结果。此外，还对头部与颈部运动的可能限制因素，如韧带限制进行了建模。
