Rankin P M, O'Carroll P J
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Liverpool, UK.
Br J Clin Psychol. 1995 Nov;34(4):517-28. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01486.x.
This investigation tested the hypotheses that individuals disposed towards hallucination are deficient in the meta-cognitive skills of reality discrimination and reality monitoring, and that there is a strong correlation between the measures of these skills. Normal subjects scoring high or low on a scale measuring predisposition towards hallucination were tested on an auditory signal detection task. High scorers on the scale were found to differ from low scorers on a measure of perceptual bias but not on a measure of sensitivity. The same groups of subjects were tested on a reality monitoring measure in which they were required to monitor two different types of word: words they were required to listen to, and words they were required to listen to on some trials and imagine on others. On a surprise frequency test it was found that high scorers did not differ from low scorers on their ability to accurately count the memories of words they had heard. It was also found that both high scorers and low scorers overestimated the number of times they had heard words when they had also been required to imagine these words on tests; however, high scorers made this error to a significantly greater extent. A strong correlation was found between reality discrimination and reality monitoring measures for high scorers, but no correlation was found for low scorers.
倾向于产生幻觉的个体在现实辨别和现实监测的元认知技能方面存在缺陷，且这些技能的测量之间存在强相关性。在一项听觉信号检测任务中，对在衡量幻觉倾向的量表上得分高或低的正常受试者进行了测试。结果发现，在感知偏差测量上，量表得分高的人与得分低的人存在差异，但在敏感性测量上则没有差异。对同一组受试者进行了一项现实监测测量，要求他们监测两种不同类型的单词：他们需要听的单词，以及在某些试验中需要听而在其他试验中需要想象的单词。在一次意外频率测试中发现，在准确计数他们听到的单词记忆能力方面，得分高的人与得分低的人没有差异。还发现，当在测试中要求他们想象这些单词时，得分高的人和得分低的人都高估了他们听到单词的次数；然而，得分高的人在更大程度上犯了这个错误。在得分高的受试者中，现实辨别和现实监测测量之间发现了强相关性，但在得分低的受试者中未发现相关性。
