Buchner H H, Savelberg H H, Schamhardt H C, Barneveld A
Department of General and Large Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
Equine Vet J. 1996 Jan;28(1):71-6. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01592.x.
The kinematic patterns of head and trunk were studied in horses during induced supporting limb lameness to understand the mechanisms horses use to compensate for lameness and to evaluate different symmetry indices for their significance as lameness indicators. Using the locomotion analysis system CODA-3 the kinematics of 11 clinically nonlame Dutch Warmblood horses were recorded while walking (1.6 m/s) and trotting (3.5 m/s) on a treadmill. A transient lameness model, evoking pressure induced pain on the hoof sole, was used to induce 3 degrees of fore- and hindlimb lameness. Peak vertical displacement, velocity and acceleration of head, withers, tuber sacrale and both tuber coxae were quantified at different phases of the stride. Changes in these variables due to lameness and symmetry indices calculated as quotients of the values during the lame and nonlame stance phase were analysed using a 2-way analysis of variance. The head, withers and tuber sacrale showed a similar sinusoidal pattern in their vertical displacement, velocity and acceleration. During both fore- and hindlimb lameness at the trot, the vertical velocity of the trunk at impact of the lame limb decreased (P < 0.05), during the lame stance phase the trunk was kept higher above the ground, maximal acceleration decreased and displacement amplitude was smaller than without lameness. Changes in movements of the head were much more expressed than movements of the withers during forelimb lameness and reversed during hindlimb lameness. At the walk, head movement patterns changed in the same way as at the trot, while withers and tuber sacrale patterns were hardly changed. Symmetry indices of all landmarks showed changes due to increasing lameness at the trot. The maximal vertical acceleration of the head and displacement amplitude of the tuber sacrale proved to be the best indicators to quantify a fore- and hindlimb lameness, respectively.
研究了诱导支撑肢跛行时马的头部和躯干的运动模式，以了解马用于补偿跛行的机制，并评估不同对称指数作为跛行指标的意义。使用运动分析系统CODA - 3，记录了11匹临床无跛行的荷兰温血马在跑步机上以1.6米/秒的速度行走和以3.5米/秒的速度小跑时的运动学数据。采用诱发蹄底压力性疼痛的瞬态跛行模型，诱导出前肢和后肢三个程度的跛行。在步幅的不同阶段，对头部、肩胛、荐结节和双侧髋结节的垂直位移峰值、速度和加速度进行了量化。使用双向方差分析，分析了由于跛行导致的这些变量的变化以及作为跛行和非跛行站立阶段值的商计算出的对称指数。头部、肩胛和荐结节在垂直位移、速度和加速度方面呈现出相似的正弦模式。在小跑时前肢和后肢跛行期间，跛肢着地瞬间躯干的垂直速度降低（P < 0.05），在跛行站立阶段，躯干离地面更高，最大加速度降低，位移幅度小于无跛行时。在前肢跛行时，头部运动的变化比肩胛运动的变化更明显，而后肢跛行时则相反。在行走时，头部运动模式的变化与小跑时相同，而肩胛和荐结节的模式几乎没有变化。所有标志点的对称指数在小跑时都因跛行程度增加而发生变化。结果证明头部的最大垂直加速度和荐结节的位移幅度分别是量化前肢和后肢跛行的最佳指标。
