Deisinger P J, Hill T S, English J C
Biochemical Toxicology Section, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York 14652-6272, USA.
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1996 Jan;47(1):31-46. doi: 10.1080/009841096161915.
Hydroquinone (HQ) is a nonvolatile chemical used in the photographic, rubber, chemical, and cosmetic industries. HQ is also known to occur in nature as the beta-D-glucopyranoside conjugate (arbutin), and free HQ is a known component of cigarette smoke. Low concentrations of HQ have been detected in the urine and plasma of humans with no occupational or other known exposure to HQ. The studies reported here investigate dietary and other potential sources of HQ and their contribution to HQ concentrations in the plasma and urine of human volunteers. Analysis of possible food sources of HQ by GC indicated significant amounts of arbutin in wheat products (1-10 ppm), pears (4-15 ppm), and coffee and tea (0.1 ppm). Free HQ was found in coffee (0.2 ppm), red wine (0.5 ppm), wheat cereals (0.2-0.4 ppm), and broccoli (0.1 ppm). After consuming a meal including arbutin- and HQ-containing foods, volunteers showed significant increases in plasma and urinary levels of HQ and its conjugated metabolites (total HQ). Mean plasma concentrations of total HQ peaked at 5 times background levels at 2 h after the completion of the meal, and mean urinary excretion rates of total HQ peaked at 12 times background at 2-3 h after the meal. Immediately after smoking four cigarettes in approximately 30 min, mean plasma concentrations of total HQ were maximally 1.5 times background levels; mean urinary excretion rates of total HQ peaked at 2.5 times background at 1-3 h after smoking. These data indicate that considerable human exposure to HQ can result from plant-derived dietary sources and, to a lesser extent, from cigarette smoke.
对苯二酚（HQ）是一种用于摄影、橡胶、化工和化妆品行业的非挥发性化学品。已知HQ在自然界中以β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷共轭物（熊果苷）的形式存在，游离的HQ是香烟烟雾的一种已知成分。在没有职业暴露或其他已知HQ暴露的人群的尿液和血浆中检测到了低浓度的HQ。本文报道的研究调查了HQ的饮食及其他潜在来源，以及它们对人类志愿者血浆和尿液中HQ浓度的贡献。通过气相色谱法分析HQ可能的食物来源表明，小麦制品（1-10 ppm）、梨（4-15 ppm）以及咖啡和茶（0.1 ppm）中含有大量的熊果苷。在咖啡（0.2 ppm）、红酒（0.5 ppm）、小麦谷物（0.2-0.4 ppm）和西兰花（0.1 ppm）中发现了游离的HQ。食用包含含熊果苷和HQ的食物的一餐之后，志愿者血浆和尿液中的HQ及其共轭代谢物（总HQ）水平显著升高。餐后2小时，总HQ的平均血浆浓度达到背景水平的5倍峰值，餐后2-3小时，总HQ的平均尿排泄率达到背景水平的12倍峰值。在大约30分钟内吸完四支香烟后，总HQ的平均血浆浓度最高达到背景水平的1.5倍；吸烟后1-3小时，总HQ的平均尿排泄率达到背景水平的2.5倍峰值。这些数据表明，人类大量接触HQ可能源于植物性饮食来源，在较小程度上也源于香烟烟雾。
