Back W, Schamhardt H C, Hartman W, Barneveld A
Department of General and Large Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
Am J Vet Res. 1995 Nov;56(11):1522-8.
In literature, it has been hypothesized that the concussion at impact in the equine forelimb is larger than that in the hind limb, and therefore, eventually more clinical lameness may develop in the distal portion of the forelimbs. As the functional anatomy of the distal forelimb and hind limb segments is similar, a study was undertaken to compare the kinematics of hoof and fetlock in the forelimbs and hind limbs. For this purpose, the trot of 24 clinically normal (sound) horses on a treadmill (4 m/s) was recorded, using modern gait analysis equipment. It appeared that vertical hoof velocity at impact and the resulting vertical hoof acceleration were higher in the forelimb than in the hind limb. In contrast, horizontal hoof velocity at impact and the resulting horizontal acceleration were higher in the hind limb. Just after impact, the fetlock was more rapidly extended in the forelimb than the hind limb. The peak maximal and minimal accelerations of that joint also were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the forelimb than in the hind limb. Results of this study indicate that, at the beginning of the stance phase, the distal portion of the forelimb is subjected to more kinematic stress than the distal portion of the hind limb. The higher angular velocity of the fetlock can be interpreted as more rapid loading of this joint, whereas the higher peak accelerations represent the higher oscillatory changes in fetlock movement. It is known from literature that repetitive impulsive joint loading and rapid oscillations in joint movement, even within physiologic limits, contribute to development of osteoarthrosis. Therefore, the differences between distal forelimb and hind limb kinematics found in this study may be related to the generally known higher incidence of chronic lameness in the forelimbs.
在文献中，有人提出假设，马前肢着地时的震荡比后肢更大，因此，最终前肢远端可能会出现更多的临床跛行。由于前肢远端和后肢节段的功能解剖结构相似，因此开展了一项研究，比较前肢和后肢蹄部与球节的运动学特征。为此，使用现代步态分析设备记录了24匹临床正常（健康）马匹在跑步机上（4米/秒）的小跑情况。结果显示，前肢着地时的垂直蹄速以及由此产生的垂直蹄加速度高于后肢。相比之下，后肢着地时的水平蹄速以及由此产生的水平加速度更高。着地后不久，前肢球节比后肢球节伸展得更快。该关节的最大和最小加速度峰值在前肢也显著（P<0.05）高于后肢。这项研究结果表明，在站立期开始时，前肢远端比后肢远端承受更多的运动学应力。球节较高的角速度可解释为该关节加载更快，而较高的加速度峰值代表球节运动中更高的振荡变化。从文献中可知，重复性脉冲式关节负荷以及关节运动中的快速振荡，即使在生理限度内，也会导致骨关节炎的发展。因此，本研究中发现的前肢远端和后肢运动学差异可能与普遍已知的前肢慢性跛行发生率较高有关。
