Bronner-Fraser M
Developmental Biology Center, University of California at Irvine 92717, USA.
Stem Cells. 1995 Nov;13(6):640-6. doi: 10.1002/stem.5530130608.
Neural crest cells are derived from a population of multipotent stem cells within the neural tube. They emerge shortly after neural tube closure, migrate extensively in the embryo and localize in numerous sites, where they differentiate into neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, cartilage and bone of the face, melanocytes and various other cell types. This review summarizes recent experiments from our laboratory delineating the origin and lineage of avian neural crest cells. Neural crest cells arise from the ectoderm, which also gives rise to presumptive epidermal, placodal and neural tube cells. Fate mapping experiments have demonstrated that the neural crest arises at the juncture between presumptive epidermis and the neural plate. Inductive interactions between these two early tissues can generate neural crest cells, suggesting that signals travel through the epidermis to generate neural crest cells prior to neural tube closure. Injection of lineage tracer into individual cells reveals that a single neural fold can form all ectodermal derivatives (i.e., epidermis, neural tube, neural crest). Even after neural tube closure, neuroepithelial cells have the capacity to form multiple neural crest and neural tube derivatives, including both dorsal and ventral phenotypes, suggesting that neural tube and neural crest cells share a common precursor. Further evidence that neural crest and neural tube cells are intimately related comes from experiments in which the cranial neural folds are ablated. The remaining neural tube cells have the capacity to regulate, at least for a limited time, to compensate for missing neural crest cells. These experiments suggest that the early neuroepithelium has no clear segregation with respect to the neural tube or neural crest. With time, dorsalizing and ventralizing signals may cause neural tube cells to acquire specific cell fates.
神经嵴细胞源自神经管内的一群多能干细胞。它们在神经管闭合后不久出现，在胚胎中广泛迁移并定位于许多部位，在这些部位分化为外周神经系统的神经元和神经胶质细胞、面部的软骨和骨骼、黑素细胞以及各种其他细胞类型。本综述总结了我们实验室最近关于确定鸟类神经嵴细胞起源和谱系的实验。神经嵴细胞起源于外胚层，外胚层也产生推定的表皮、基板和神经管细胞。命运图谱实验表明，神经嵴出现在推定表皮和神经板之间的交界处。这两个早期组织之间的诱导相互作用可以产生神经嵴细胞，这表明信号在神经管闭合之前通过表皮传递以产生神经嵴细胞。将谱系示踪剂注射到单个细胞中发现，单个神经褶可以形成所有外胚层衍生物（即表皮、神经管、神经嵴）。即使在神经管闭合后，神经上皮细胞仍有能力形成多种神经嵴和神经管衍生物，包括背侧和腹侧表型，这表明神经管和神经嵴细胞共享一个共同的前体。神经嵴和神经管细胞密切相关的进一步证据来自于切除颅神经褶的实验。剩余的神经管细胞至少在有限的时间内有能力进行调节，以补偿缺失的神经嵴细胞。这些实验表明，早期神经上皮在神经管或神经嵴方面没有明显的分离。随着时间的推移，背侧化和腹侧化信号可能会导致神经管细胞获得特定的细胞命运。
