Bronner-Fraser M
Developmental Biology Center, University of California at Irvine 92717, USA.
Exp Cell Res. 1995 Jun;218(2):405-17. doi: 10.1006/excr.1995.1173.
Neural crest cells are a migratory population that forms most of the peripheral nervous system, facial skeleton, and numerous other derivatives. These cells arise from the neural ectoderm and are first recognizable as discrete cells after neural tube closure. In this review, I summarize the results of studies from our laboratory on neural crest cell lineage and origin. Our recent experiments demonstrate that interactions between the presumptive neural plate and the nonneural ectoderm are likely to be instrumental in the induction of the avian neural crest. Juxtaposition of these tissues at early stages results in the formation of neural crest cells at the interface. However, neural crest cells do not appear to be segregated from other neuroepithelial cells; cell lineage studies have demonstrated that individual precursor cells within the neural tube can give rise to both neural crest and neural tube derivatives as diverse as sensory, commissural, and motor neurons. This suggests that individual neuroectodermal cells are multipotent, such that a precursor within the neural tube has the ability to form both neural tube (central nervous system) and neural crest (peripheral nervous system and other) derivatives. Further support for flexibility in the developmental program of neuroepithelial cells comes from experiments in which the cranial neural folds are ablated; this results in regulation by the remaining ventral neural tube cells to form neural crest cells after the endogenous neural crest is removed. At later stage of development, this regulative capacity is lost. Following their emigration from the neural tube, neural crest cells become progressively restricted to defined embryonic states. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that: (1) the neural crest is an induced population that arises by interactions within the ectoderm; (2) initially, progenitor cells are multipotent, having the potential to form multiple neural crest and neural tube derivatives; and (3) with time, the precursors become progressively restricted to form neural crest derivatives and eventually to individual phenotypes.
神经嵴细胞是一群迁移性细胞，它们形成了大部分的外周神经系统、面部骨骼以及许多其他衍生物。这些细胞起源于神经外胚层，在神经管闭合后首先可被识别为离散的细胞。在这篇综述中，我总结了我们实验室关于神经嵴细胞谱系和起源的研究结果。我们最近的实验表明，假定的神经板与非神经外胚层之间的相互作用可能对鸟类神经嵴的诱导起作用。这些组织在早期阶段并置会导致在界面处形成神经嵴细胞。然而，神经嵴细胞似乎并非与其他神经上皮细胞分离；细胞谱系研究表明，神经管内的单个前体细胞能够产生神经嵴和神经管衍生物，如感觉神经元、连合神经元和运动神经元等多种类型。这表明单个神经外胚层细胞具有多能性，即神经管内的一个前体细胞有能力形成神经管（中枢神经系统）和神经嵴（外周神经系统及其他）衍生物。神经上皮细胞发育程序灵活性的进一步证据来自于对颅神经褶进行切除的实验；在内源性神经嵴被去除后，这会导致剩余的腹侧神经管细胞进行调节以形成神经嵴细胞。在发育的后期阶段，这种调节能力丧失。从神经管迁出后，神经嵴细胞逐渐被限制在特定的胚胎状态。综上所述，这些实验表明：（1）神经嵴是通过外胚层内的相互作用而产生的诱导性细胞群体；（2）最初，祖细胞具有多能性，有潜力形成多种神经嵴和神经管衍生物；（3）随着时间的推移，前体细胞逐渐受到限制，形成神经嵴衍生物并最终形成个体表型。
