Johnson R K, Wang M Q, Smith M J, Connolly G
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
Pediatrics. 1996 Mar;97(3):312-7.
To assess the association between parental smoking and the diet quality of children residing in low-income housholds in the United States. MTHODS: Data from 515 low-income children (less than or equal to 185% of the poverty line), ages 2 to 17, who participated in the 1989 and 1990 United States Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals were examined. Diet quality was assessed by examining the average daily amount of nutrients consumed per 1000 kcal for protein, fiber, and 14 essential vitamins and minerals as well as total energy, percent of energy from total fat and saturated fat, and cholesterol and sodium intakes using the 3-day average of one 24-hour recall and 2 days of diet records. Parental smoking was categorized as four levels (nonsmoker; 1 to 10, 11 to 20, and more than 20) on the basis of the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by the sample child's parents. Analysis of covariance examined differences in the children's nutrient intake among the four smoking categories while controling for race, mother's age and occupation, child age, and sex.
Low-income children with parents who smoked (n = 235) were more likely to be white (P <.001), had younger mothers (P <.05) and were more likely to have mothers employed in blue-collar occupations (P <.001) than children whose parents were nonsmokers (N = 280). Children whose parents smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day had a higher level of energy from saturated fat, and children whose parents smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day had the highest cholesterol intakes in comparison with the rest of the sample. Parental smoking was also related to total fiber intake per 1000 kcal, with children of smokers having lower fiber intakes than children of nonsmokers.
On average, low-income children of smokers had a poorer diet quality than low-income children of nonsmokers, thus increasing their future risk of chronic disease.
评估美国低收入家庭中父母吸烟与子女饮食质量之间的关联。方法：对515名年龄在2至17岁、收入低于或等于贫困线185%的低收入儿童的数据进行了分析，这些儿童参与了1989年和1990年美国农业部个人食物摄入量持续调查。通过使用1次24小时回忆的3天平均值和2天饮食记录，检查每1000千卡热量中蛋白质、纤维、14种必需维生素和矿物质的平均每日摄入量，以及总能量、来自总脂肪和饱和脂肪的能量百分比、胆固醇和钠的摄入量，来评估饮食质量。根据样本儿童父母每天吸烟的平均数量，将父母吸烟情况分为四个等级（不吸烟者；1至10支、11至20支、超过20支）。协方差分析在控制种族、母亲年龄和职业、儿童年龄和性别后，检验了四个吸烟等级中儿童营养摄入量的差异。结果：父母吸烟的低收入儿童（n = 235）比父母不吸烟的儿童（N = 280）更可能是白人（P <.001），母亲更年轻（P <.05），且母亲更可能从事蓝领职业（P <.001）。与样本中的其他儿童相比，父母每天吸烟超过20支的儿童来自饱和脂肪的能量水平更高，父母每天吸烟11至20支的儿童胆固醇摄入量最高。父母吸烟还与每1000千卡热量的总纤维摄入量有关，吸烟者的子女纤维摄入量低于不吸烟者的子女。结论：总体而言，吸烟者的低收入子女饮食质量比不吸烟者的低收入子女差，从而增加了他们未来患慢性病的风险。
