Davis K L, Gurski J C, Scott J P
Dev Psychobiol. 1977 May;10(3):203-12. doi: 10.1002/dev.420100304.
Forty-one Telomian, beagle, and F1 hybrid puppies were tested in the presence and absence of a sound-producing stimulus under 2 social conditions, single and paired, at 6, 7, and 8 weeks of age. The sound stimulus definitely produced fearful reactions, as measured by tail carriage, which were not affected by social condition and accompanying differences in distress vocalization. Nor was distress vocalization significantly altered by the sound stimulus. We conclude that sound-induced fear and separation distress are separate and independent affective states. Social condition and the presence of the sound stimulus produced interactive effects at the behavioral level in that paired animals showed longer latencies to contact and maintained greater distances from the sound stimulus.
41只特洛米安犬、比格犬和F1杂交幼犬在6周、7周和8周龄时，于两种社交条件下（单独和成对），在有和没有发声刺激的情况下接受测试。如通过尾巴姿态所测量的，声音刺激确实引发了恐惧反应，这些反应不受社交条件以及痛苦叫声差异的影响。痛苦叫声也未因声音刺激而显著改变。我们得出结论，声音诱发的恐惧和分离痛苦是独立的情感状态。社交条件和声音刺激的存在在行为层面产生了交互作用，即成对的动物与声音刺激接触的潜伏期更长，且保持着更大的距离。
