Metcalf H E, McElvaine M D
United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1231, USA.
Rev Sci Tech. 1995 Dec;14(4):951-6.
Between 1870 and 1929, nine separate outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD) occurred in the United States of America (USA); additional outbreaks in North America include one in Mexico (1947) and two in Canada (1870 and 1952). In 1930, the United States Congress enacted a law prohibiting importation of live ruminants or swine or fresh meat from these species into the USA from countries affected with FMD or rinderpest. Although the effect of this prohibition may be debated, the USA has remained free of FMD since its enactment. A hidden benefit of this prohibition was probably the limitation on importing other disease agents from countries of the world where FMD was present. As many regions of the world make progress towards the control and eradication of FMD, North America must take greater cognizance of other disease agents with which it has not been concerned to date, as these existed only in regions of the world affected with FMD and/or rinderpest. One of the methods of dealing with these other diseases is by using risk assessment and risk management methodologies. For risk assessment to work, however, the available management technologies must be examined, and levels of risk assigned to match the available technology. The authors explore risk analysis options for the importation of animals and animal products in a manner which will continue to protect the livestock industry in the USA. They also examine the role of veterinary biologicals as a management tool to mitigate the attendant risks.
1870年至1929年间，美国共发生了9次口蹄疫疫情；北美其他疫情包括墨西哥的一次（1947年）和加拿大的两次（1870年和1952年）。1930年，美国国会颁布法律，禁止从受口蹄疫或牛瘟影响的国家向美国进口反刍动物或猪的活体或这些物种的鲜肉。尽管这项禁令的效果可能存在争议，但自颁布以来，美国一直没有口蹄疫疫情。这项禁令的一个潜在好处可能是限制了从世界上口蹄疫流行国家进口其他病原体。随着世界许多地区在口蹄疫控制和根除方面取得进展，北美必须更加关注迄今尚未涉及的其他病原体，因为这些病原体仅存在于受口蹄疫和/或牛瘟影响的世界地区。应对这些其他疾病的方法之一是使用风险评估和风险管理方法。然而，为了使风险评估有效，必须审查现有的管理技术，并确定与现有技术相匹配的风险水平。作者探讨了以继续保护美国畜牧业的方式对动物和动物产品进口进行风险分析的选项。他们还研究了兽用生物制品作为减轻相关风险的管理工具的作用。
