Pennington B F, Ozonoff S
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, CO 80208, USA.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996 Jan;37(1):51-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x.
In this paper, we consider the domain of executive functions (EFs) and their possible role in developmental psychopathologies. We first consider general theoretical and measurement issues involved in studying EFs and then review studies of EFs in four developmental psychopathologies: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), autism, and Tourette syndrome (TS). Our review reveals that EF deficits are consistently found in both ADHD and autism but not in CD (without ADHD) or in TS. Moreover, both the severity and profile of EF deficits appears to differ across ADHD and autism. Molar EF deficits are more severe in the latter than the former. In the few studies of more specific EF tasks, there are impairments in motor inhibition in ADHD but not in autism, whereas there are impairments in verbal working memory in autism but not ADHD. We close with a discussion of implications for future research.
在本文中，我们探讨了执行功能（EFs）的范畴及其在发展性精神病理学中可能发挥的作用。我们首先考量了研究执行功能所涉及的一般理论和测量问题，接着回顾了针对四种发展性精神病理学中执行功能的研究，这四种病症分别是：注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、品行障碍（CD）、自闭症和图雷特综合征（TS）。我们的综述表明，在ADHD和自闭症中均持续发现存在执行功能缺陷，但在CD（无ADHD）或TS中则未发现。此外，ADHD和自闭症中执行功能缺陷的严重程度和特征似乎有所不同。在自闭症中，整体执行功能缺陷比ADHD更为严重。在为数不多的关于更具体执行功能任务的研究中，ADHD存在运动抑制受损的情况，而自闭症则未出现；相反，自闭症存在言语工作记忆受损的情况，而ADHD未出现。我们最后讨论了对未来研究的启示。
