Tulving E, Markowitsch H J, Craik F E, Habib R, Houle S
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, North York, Ontario, Canada.
Cereb Cortex. 1996 Jan-Feb;6(1):71-9. doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.1.71.
Nine young right-handed men viewed colored pictures of people, scenes, and landscapes. Then, 24 hr later while undergoing PET scanning, they viewed previously studied (OLD) pictures in one type of scan, and previously not seen (NEW) pictures in another. The OLD-NEW subtraction of PET images indicates familiarity, and the NEW-OLD indicates novelty. Familiarity activations, signalling aspects of retrieval, were observed in the left and right frontal areas, and posterior regions bilaterally. Novelty activations were in the right limbic regions, and bilaterally in temporal and parietal regions, including area 37. These latter activations were located similarly to novelty activations in previous PET studies using visual words and auditory sentences, suggesting the existence of brain regions specializing in transmodal novelty assessment. The effects of novelty are seen both behaviorally and in replicable patterns of cortical and subcortical activation. We propose a 'novelty/encoding hypothesis': (1) novelty assessment represents an early stage of long-term memory encoding; (2) elaborate, meaning-based encoding processes operate on the incoming information to the extent of its novelty, and therefore (3) the probability of long-term storage of information varies directly with the novelty of the information.
九名年轻的右利手男性观看了人物、场景和风景的彩色图片。然后，24小时后，他们在进行正电子发射断层扫描（PET）时，在一种扫描中观看之前研究过的（旧）图片，在另一种扫描中观看之前未见过的（新）图片。PET图像的旧-新相减表示熟悉度，新-旧相减表示新颖性。在左右额叶区域以及双侧后部区域观察到了表示检索方面的熟悉度激活。新颖性激活出现在右侧边缘区域以及双侧颞叶和顶叶区域，包括37区。这些后者的激活位置与之前使用视觉单词和听觉句子的PET研究中的新颖性激活位置相似，这表明存在专门用于跨模态新颖性评估的脑区。新颖性的影响在行为上以及皮层和皮层下激活的可重复模式中都可以看到。我们提出了一个“新颖性/编码假设”：（1）新颖性评估代表长期记忆编码的早期阶段；（2）精细的、基于意义的编码过程根据传入信息的新颖性程度对其进行处理，因此（3）信息长期存储的概率与信息的新颖性直接相关。
