Droffner M L, Brinton W F
Woods End Research Laboratory, Mt. Vernon, ME 04352, USA.
Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1995 Jun;197(5):387-97.
Aerobic, thermophilic composting is a widely practiced method for disposal of organic wastes. The wastes which are composted include biosolids from waste water treatment plants (WWTP), and biowastes (food scraps and yardwaste). Important hygiene issues are involved in composting since many potential pathogens may be present in the fresh wastes. In this study, the survival of Salmonella and Escherichia coli is examined during aerobic composting of municipal solid wastes, municipal wastewater sludge and biowastes. A laboratory compost was prepared by inoculating with 10(7) Salmonella typhimurium Q and Escherichia coli B. In both industrial and laboratory trials, gene probes were used to determine at what time during the composting and at what temperature these bacteria became undetectable. It was observed that Salmonella and E. coli survived for 59 days at about 60 degrees C in an industrial compost. The bacteria became undetectable after the temperature decreased from 62 degrees C to about 40 degrees C in the compost curing. The bench scale trials showed that E. coli B survived for at least 9 days at 60-70 degrees C in a biowaste (food waste) compost or a waste water sludge compost. Salmonella typhimurium Q survived for at least 9 days over 60 degrees C in the food biowaste compost and at least 5 days in the waste water sludge compost. Data collected show that the temperature or the time of high temperature is difficult to correlate to the destruction of the pathogen, Salmonella, or the pathogen indicator, E. coli. These results suggest that the mechanism for removal of these microorganisms during aerobic composting is complex and not simply the result of a thermal physical environment.
好氧高温堆肥是一种广泛应用于有机废物处理的方法。用于堆肥的废物包括污水处理厂（WWTP）产生的生物固体以及生物废物（食物残渣和庭院废物）。由于新鲜废物中可能存在许多潜在病原体，堆肥过程涉及重要的卫生问题。在本研究中，考察了沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌在城市固体废物、城市污水污泥及生物废物好氧堆肥过程中的存活情况。通过接种10(7)鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Q和大肠杆菌B制备了实验室堆肥。在工业和实验室试验中，均使用基因探针来确定在堆肥过程中的何时以及在何种温度下这些细菌变得无法检测到。观察到在工业堆肥中，沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌在约60℃下存活了59天。在堆肥熟化过程中，温度从62℃降至约40℃后，细菌变得无法检测到。实验室规模试验表明，在生物废物（食物垃圾）堆肥或污水污泥堆肥中，大肠杆菌B在60 - 70℃下至少存活9天。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Q在食物生物废物堆肥中在60℃以上至少存活9天，在污水污泥堆肥中至少存活5天。收集到的数据表明，温度或高温持续时间难以与病原体沙门氏菌或病原体指示菌大肠杆菌的杀灭情况相关联。这些结果表明，好氧堆肥过程中去除这些微生物的机制很复杂，并非仅仅是热物理环境作用的结果。
