Charlesworth B
Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637-1573, USA.
Curr Biol. 1996 Feb 1;6(2):149-62. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00448-7.
In many species, sex is determined by a system based on X and Y chromosomes, the latter having lost much of their genetic activity. Y chromosomes have evolved independently many times, and the associated change in gene dosage in the heterogametic (XY) sex is often compensated for by regulatory mechanisms which ensure equal amounts of gene products of X-linked loci in males and females. There have recently been substantial advances in our knowledge of the molecular biology and genetics of sex chromosomes and dosage compensation, and in our understanding of the population genetic processes which are involved in their evolution.
在许多物种中，性别由基于X和Y染色体的系统决定，后者已失去了大部分遗传活性。Y染色体已独立进化多次，而异配子（XY）性别的基因剂量相关变化通常由调节机制补偿，这些机制确保雄性和雌性中X连锁基因座的基因产物数量相等。最近，我们在性染色体和剂量补偿的分子生物学和遗传学知识方面，以及在对涉及其进化的群体遗传过程的理解方面都取得了重大进展。
