Fuller B, Thomson M, Conner D A, Scanlan J
Clin Nurs Res. 1996 Feb;5(1):43-66. doi: 10.1177/105477389600500105.
Cues that 46 pediatric nurses with a BS in Nursing reported as key to their pain assessments of 88 videotaped infants, ages 0 to 12 months, are identified. Frequencies with which these cues were used for infants of different ages and the relationships between key cues and assessed levels of pain are described. Greater pain was strongly associated with tears, stiff posture, guarding, and fisting. Greater pain was moderately associated with inadequate type or dosage of analgesia, more recent surgery, inconsolability, difficult to distract, does not focus on surroundings, frown, grimace, wrinkled face, flushed face, pain cry, and increased arousal in response to touch of sore area. Internurse variability in cue use was sizable. Most of the often-used cues had weak or no association with assessed pain level. Only consolability, pain cry, grimace, and stiff posture were frequently used and correlated > .51 with assessed level of pain.
研究确定了46名拥有护理学学士学位的儿科护士报告的、作为其对88名0至12个月大录像婴儿进行疼痛评估关键的线索。描述了这些线索用于不同年龄婴儿的频率，以及关键线索与评估的疼痛程度之间的关系。疼痛加剧与流泪、姿势僵硬、保护性动作和握拳密切相关。疼痛加剧与镇痛类型或剂量不足、近期手术、无法安抚、难以分散注意力、不关注周围环境、皱眉、 grimace（原文未明确该词含义，可能是一种特定表情，暂音译为“ grimace”）、面部皱纹、脸红、疼痛哭声以及对疼痛部位触摸反应时觉醒增加中度相关。护士之间在线索使用上的差异很大。大多数常用线索与评估的疼痛程度之间关联较弱或无关联。只有可安抚性、疼痛哭声、 grimace（原文未明确该词含义，可能是一种特定表情，暂音译为“ grimace”）和姿势僵硬经常被使用，且与评估的疼痛程度相关性>0.51。
