Ruttenberg J, Zea M C, Sigelman C K
Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
J Soc Psychol. 1996 Apr;136(2):209-20. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1996.9713995.
Relationships between indicators of collective identity (collective self-esteem, religious involvement, and involvement in ethnic organizations) and prejudice toward the other-group were examined in a sample of Jewish and Arab students in the United States. Contrary to expectations, collective identity variables were largely unrelated to prejudice among the Jewish students, although the Jewish students who expressed the least amount of anti-Arab sentiment were those who were the most religious. As expected, the Arab students who (a) had low public collective self-esteem and (b) were highly involved in religious and ethnic organizations tended to be the most prejudiced. The findings for Arab students, in particular, contradict findings obtained in the laboratory, using the minimal intergroup paradigm, and suggest that individuals who are highly involved in in-group activities but believe their group is not viewed favorably by others may derogate the members of a salient out-group in an attempt to acquire a more positive social identity.
在美国的犹太学生和阿拉伯学生样本中，研究了集体认同指标（集体自尊、宗教参与度和参与民族组织情况）与对其他群体的偏见之间的关系。与预期相反，集体认同变量在很大程度上与犹太学生中的偏见无关，尽管表达反阿拉伯情绪最少的犹太学生是那些宗教信仰最强的学生。正如预期的那样，（a）公众集体自尊较低且（b）高度参与宗教和民族组织的阿拉伯学生往往偏见最大。特别是阿拉伯学生的研究结果与使用最小群体范式在实验室中获得的结果相矛盾，这表明那些高度参与群体内活动但认为自己的群体未被他人看好的个人，可能会诋毁一个显著的外群体成员，试图获得更积极的社会身份。
