Waterman H, Webb C, Williams A
School of Nursing Studies, University of Manchester, England.
J Adv Nurs. 1995 Oct;22(4):779-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.22040779.x.
This paper draws on the authors' experiences of nursing in general and of action research projects. Parallels will be drawn between, on the one hand, the relationship between the practice and theory of nursing and, on the other band, the relationship between the practice and theory of action research. Difficulties common to nursing and action research will be identified (e.g. between the implementation of the theory of nursing and of action research). Over- simplification, non-specificity of issues and gaps in theory are frequent but inevitable problems that hinder theoretical applications. Similarly, comparisons will be made between the problems associated with the translation of nursing practice into theory and the difficulties in transposing the experience of research into theory. The complexities of practice, whether nursing or research, and the evolutionary nature of experience inescapably give rise to dilemmas when analysing theory and practice. The concepts of theory and practice when conceived as a dichotomy present a useful overview of issues. We argue that, through a discussion of the core themes of action research, including 'knowledge in action' and 'self and group reflection', consideration should also be given to a symbiotic and complementary analysis of theory and practice. We observe that many contradictions exist within the theory and practice of action research and of nursing, and that these need to be addressed to promote theoretical and practical advances. Action research offers theoretical and practical insights that contribute to the current debate on the reciprocal relationship between theory and practice.
本文借鉴了作者在一般护理及行动研究项目中的经验。一方面，将探讨护理实践与理论之间的关系，另一方面，也会阐述行动研究实践与理论之间的关系，并进行对比。同时，还将找出护理和行动研究中常见的困难（例如护理理论与行动研究理论的实施方面）。过度简化、问题不明确以及理论空白是频繁出现且不可避免的问题，它们阻碍了理论的应用。同样，也会对将护理实践转化为理论所涉及的问题与将研究经验转化为理论的困难进行比较。无论是护理还是研究，实践的复杂性以及经验的演变性质，在分析理论与实践时必然会引发困境。将理论与实践概念视为二分法，能对相关问题提供有益的总体认识。我们认为，通过讨论行动研究的核心主题，包括“行动中的知识”和“自我与群体反思”，还应考虑对理论与实践进行共生且互补的分析。我们注意到，行动研究和护理的理论与实践中存在许多矛盾，需要解决这些矛盾以推动理论和实践的进步。行动研究提供了理论和实践方面的见解，有助于当前关于理论与实践相互关系的辩论。
