Benowitz N L
Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, California 94143-1220, USA.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1996;36:597-613. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.003121.
Nicotine maintains tobacco addiction and has therapeutic utility to aid smoking cessation and possibly to treat other medical diseases. Nicotine acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which demonstrate diversity in subunit structure, function, and distribution within the nervous system, presumably mediating the complex actions of nicotine described in tobacco users. The effects of nicotine in people are influenced by the rate and route of dosing and by the development of tolerance. The metabolism of nicotine is now well characterized in humans. A few individuals with deficient C-oxidation of nicotine, unusually slow metabolism of nicotine, and little generation of cotinine have been described. Nicotine affects most organ systems in the body, although its contribution to smoking-related disease is still unclear. Nicotine as a medication is currently available as a gum, a transdermal delivery device, and a nasal spray, all of which are used for smoking cessation. Nicotine is also being investigated for therapy of ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, sleep apnea, and attention deficit disorder.
尼古丁维持烟草成瘾，并且具有治疗作用，可帮助戒烟，还可能用于治疗其他疾病。尼古丁作用于烟碱型胆碱能受体，这些受体在亚基结构、功能及在神经系统中的分布上具有多样性，大概介导了烟草使用者中尼古丁所描述的复杂作用。尼古丁对人的影响受给药速率和途径以及耐受性发展的影响。尼古丁在人体内的代谢目前已得到充分表征。已描述了少数尼古丁C氧化不足、尼古丁代谢异常缓慢且可替宁生成很少的个体。尼古丁会影响身体的大多数器官系统，尽管其对吸烟相关疾病的影响仍不清楚。作为药物的尼古丁目前有口香糖、透皮给药装置和鼻喷雾剂等剂型，所有这些都用于戒烟。尼古丁也正在被研究用于治疗溃疡性结肠炎、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、妥瑞氏症、睡眠呼吸暂停和注意力缺陷障碍。
