Barker C O, Bellenkes A H
Naval Aerospace and Operational Medical Institute, NAS, Pensacola, FL, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996 May;67(5):480-5.
A number of potential problems are associated with egress from the helicopter cockpit in the post-crash phase of a mishap. The purpose of this study was to identify the egress problems experienced by pilots in U.S. Navy/Marine Corp helicopter cockpits, and to propose a priority of preventive interventions.
Using Naval Safety Center data, we reviewed 1980-94 Class A helicopter mishap narratives. We identified and categorized cockpit egress problems reported by pilots. The data are described in terms of problem category, helicopter type, crash terrain, and time of day.
Of the 210 survivable mishaps, 289 egress problems were reported in 128 mishaps, 61% involved aircrew factors, 16% environmental factors, 12% were related to helicopter factors, and 11% to cockpit factors. Of the 128 mishaps, 67.5% occurred during daytime, 32.5% at night, 64% in overwater crashes, 26% over land, and 10% over flight decks. The most significant, but uncommon, injuries involved the "stroking seat."
Egress hazards can be minimized by the implementation of more intensive underwater egress training, crashworthy fuel systems, better design of cockpit exits and hatches, better restraint systems, better crashworthy seats, underwater visual aids, and more streamlined personal equipment. Engineering validation is needed before committing to suggested interventions.
在直升机事故的坠机后阶段，从直升机驾驶舱撤离存在一些潜在问题。本研究的目的是确定美国海军/海军陆战队直升机驾驶舱飞行员所经历的撤离问题，并提出预防性干预措施的优先级。
利用海军安全中心的数据，我们回顾了1980 - 1994年A类直升机事故的叙述。我们识别并对飞行员报告的驾驶舱撤离问题进行了分类。数据按照问题类别、直升机类型、坠机地形和时间进行描述。
在210起可幸存事故中，128起事故报告了289个撤离问题，其中61%涉及机组人员因素，16%涉及环境因素，12%与直升机因素有关，11%与驾驶舱因素有关。在这128起事故中，67.5%发生在白天，32.5%发生在夜间，64%发生在水上坠机事故中，26%发生在陆地上，10%发生在飞行甲板上。最严重但不常见的伤害涉及“划动座椅问题”。
通过实施更强化的水下撤离训练、耐坠毁燃油系统、驾驶舱出口和舱门的更好设计、更好的约束系统、更好的耐坠毁座椅、水下视觉辅助设备以及更流线型的个人装备，可以将撤离危险降至最低。在采用建议的干预措施之前，需要进行工程验证。
