Reeder A I, Chalmers D J, Langley J D
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Soc Sci Med. 1996 May;42(9):1297-311. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00224-3.
This research documented the frequency of protective and risky motorcycling opinions and behaviours and investigated whether these opinions and behaviours were more frequently expressed by licensed than unlicensed riders and by riders with high rather than low exposure to motorcycling. Areas where there was scope for improvement were identified to help guide the promotion of protective strategies. As part of a broader study of a birth cohort, 217 18 year old motorcyclists were administered a motorcycling computer questionnaire. Evidence of positive protective opinions was found, but there was considerable scope for behavioural improvements. While 92% had worn a helmet, optimal protection was reported less frequently for other body areas: most often for the feet (54%), hands (47%) and upper body (35%) and least often for the legs (8%). Most (87%) riders considered conspicuity increased safety, 68% favoured mandatory day-time headlight use, and 66% used dipped headlights in day-time. While 55% favoured mandatory wearing of high-visibility clothing, only 15% of day-time and 20% of night-time riders reported doing this. During the past month, 16% had driven within two hours of drinking alcohol and 6% when too tired to be fully in control. Overall, 22% had been penalized for a motorcycle driving offence, most often speeding. While 46% said they agreed with the Graduated Driver Licensing System (GDLS), most licensed under that system reported breaking licence conditions and most were not apprehended. Licensed motorcyclists were significantly more likely than the unlicensed to favour mandatory day-time headlight usage, report using dipped headlights in day-time, and wear better protection for the head, upper body and hands, but were also more likely to report drinking and driving and traffic convictions--probably because of their greater exposure. Other, non-significant, results were in the same direction, except that fewer licensed than unlicensed riders were in favour of mandatory high visibility clothing or the GDLS. A similar pattern of more protective attitudes and behaviours was found for high rather than low exposure riders, though it was generally weaker, and high exposure was associated with drinking and driving, driving while tired and traffic convictions. The issues of representativeness and reliability are discussed and some implications for public policies towards motorcycling by young people are considered. Further research is recommended in order to determine which are the best predictors of motorcycling opinions and behaviours: personal characteristics, the formal training associated with licensure, or exposure to motorcycling.
本研究记录了骑摩托车时的防护性和危险性观点及行为的出现频率，并调查了这些观点和行为在有执照的骑手与无执照的骑手之间，以及高骑行频率的骑手与低骑行频率的骑手之间表达得是否更为频繁。研究确定了有待改进的方面，以帮助指导防护策略的推广。作为对一个出生队列更广泛研究的一部分，217名18岁的摩托车骑手接受了一份关于摩托车骑行的计算机问卷调查。研究发现了积极的防护性观点的证据，但在行为改进方面仍有很大空间。虽然92%的人佩戴了头盔，但对于其他身体部位，报告显示能做到最佳防护的情况较少：脚部最常见（54%），手部（47%）和上半身（35%），腿部最少（8%）。大多数（87%）骑手认为显眼能提高安全性，68%的人赞成强制白天使用前照灯，66%的人在白天使用近光灯。虽然55%的人赞成强制穿着高可视性服装，但只有15%的白天骑行者和20%的夜间骑行者报告这样做了。在过去一个月里，16%的人在饮酒后两小时内驾车，6%的人在疲惫到无法完全控制车辆时驾车。总体而言，22%的人因摩托车驾驶违规而受到处罚，最常见的是超速。虽然46%的人表示他们同意分级驾照制度（GDLS），但在该制度下获得驾照的大多数人报告违反了驾照规定，而且大多数人未被查获。有执照的摩托车骑手比无执照的骑手更有可能赞成强制白天使用前照灯、报告在白天使用近光灯，以及对头、上半身和手部有更好的防护，但也更有可能报告酒后驾车和交通定罪——可能是因为他们骑行频率更高。其他不显著的结果也呈现相同趋势，只是赞成强制穿着高可视性服装或GDLS的有执照骑手比无执照骑手少。骑行频率高的骑手比骑行频率低的骑手表现出更具防护性的态度和行为，不过总体上这种差异较弱，而且高骑行频率与酒后驾车、疲劳驾驶和交通定罪有关。文中讨论了代表性和可靠性问题，并考虑了对针对年轻人骑摩托车的公共政策的一些影响。建议进一步开展研究，以确定哪些是摩托车骑行观点和行为的最佳预测因素：个人特征、与执照相关的正规培训，还是骑行频率。
