Bower G H
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
Conscious Cogn. 1996 Mar-Jun;5(1-2):27-72. doi: 10.1006/ccog.1996.0004.
Implicit and explicit memory tasks are interpreted within a traditional memory theory that distinguishes associations between different classes of memory units (sensory features, logogens, imagines, concepts, context tags). Associations from specific sensory features to logogens are strengthened by perceptual experiences, leading to specific perceptual priming. Associations among concepts are strengthened by use, leading to specific conceptual priming. Activating associations from concepts to logogens leads to semantic and associative priming. Item presentation also establishes a new association from it to a representation of the personal context, comprising an "episodic memory." Such contextual associations play a major role in explicit memory tasks such as recall or recognition. A critical assumption of the theory is that presentation of a given item strengthens its sensory and contextual associations independently; this permits the theory to explain various dissociations of implicit and explicit memory measures. Furthermore, by assuming that brain-injured patients with global amnesia have a selective deficit in establishing novel associations to the context, the theory can explain their deficits in explicit memory along side their intact implicit memory.
内隐记忆任务和外显记忆任务是在一种传统记忆理论的框架内进行解释的，该理论区分了不同类别的记忆单元（感觉特征、词素、意象、概念、情境标签）之间的关联。从特定感觉特征到词素的关联通过感知体验得到加强，从而产生特定的感知启动效应。概念之间的关联通过使用得到加强，从而产生特定的概念启动效应。从概念到词素的激活关联会导致语义启动和联想启动。项目呈现还会在其与个人情境表征之间建立一种新的关联，形成“情景记忆”。这种情境关联在诸如回忆或识别等外显记忆任务中起着主要作用。该理论的一个关键假设是，给定项目的呈现会独立地加强其感觉和情境关联；这使得该理论能够解释内隐记忆测量和外显记忆测量的各种分离现象。此外，通过假设患有全面性失忆症的脑损伤患者在与情境建立新关联方面存在选择性缺陷，该理论可以解释他们在外显记忆方面的缺陷以及同时存在的完整内隐记忆。
