Challis B H, Velichkovsky B M, Craik F I
Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Conscious Cogn. 1996 Mar-Jun;5(1-2):142-64. doi: 10.1006/ccog.1996.0009.
Three experiments investigated level of processing (LOP) effects on a variety of direct and indirect memory tasks, in the context of a processing theory of dissociations. Subjects studied words in five encoding conditions and received one of ten memory tests. In Experiment 1, four tests previously classified as conceptual showed a robust LOP effect, as did a direct perceptual test of graphemic cued recall. An indirect perceptual word fragment completion test was unaffected by LOP. Experiment 2 showed that a new indirect version of a graphemic cued test was not affected by LOP. In Experiment 3, guided by a generation/recognition model, we constructed three new direct tests in which subjects identified words that were graphemically, phonologically, or semantically similar to studied words. The three tests differed in their sensitivity to study conditions, but LOP had no effect in any case, despite the involvement of deliberate conscious recollection. Contemporary explanatory frameworks couched as dichotomies (e.g., implicit/explicit, perceptual/conceptual) do not provide an adequate account of the results. It seems necessary instead to specify the types of information activated by each encoding condition, the types of information required by each test, and how encoding and retrieval processes are modified by task instructions.
在一种分离加工理论的背景下，三项实验研究了加工水平（LOP）对各种直接和间接记忆任务的影响。受试者在五种编码条件下学习单词，并接受十种记忆测试中的一种。在实验1中，之前归类为概念性的四项测试显示出强大的加工水平效应，字形线索回忆的直接知觉测试也是如此。间接知觉单词片段完成测试不受加工水平的影响。实验2表明，字形线索测试的新间接版本不受加工水平的影响。在实验3中，在生成/识别模型的指导下，我们构建了三项新的直接测试，受试者在这些测试中识别与所学单词在字形、语音或语义上相似的单词。这三项测试对学习条件的敏感度不同，但无论如何加工水平都没有影响，尽管涉及到刻意的有意识回忆。以二分法表述的当代解释框架（例如，内隐/外显、知觉/概念）并不能充分解释这些结果。相反，似乎有必要具体说明每种编码条件激活的信息类型、每项测试所需的信息类型，以及任务指令如何改变编码和检索过程。
